scholarly journals Reverse Osmosis and Membrane Distillation for Desalination of Groundwater: A Review

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhausaheb L. Pangarkar ◽  
Mukund G. Sane ◽  
Mahendra Guddad
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Membrane Distillation ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Strong Separation ◽  
High Energy Consumption ◽  
By Products ◽  
Disposal Problem

In recent years, the increasing threat to groundwater quality due to human activities has become a matter of great concern. The groundwater quality problems present today are caused by contamination and by overexploitation, or by combination of both, which are faced by many Indian states. Today, reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are the leading technology for desalination of groundwater because of their strong separation capabilities and exhibiting a great potential for treatment of waters worldwide. However, the RO process had some problems due to the formation of polarization films because high pressure operation and by-products which may generate bacteria and fouling. Also, high energy consumption and brine disposal problem is faced in RO process due to the limited recovery of water. These problems may be overcome by other membrane thermal process such as a membrane distillation (MD). This paper addresses the outline of RO and MD process for desalination. RO has developed over the past 40 years and MD is an emerging technology for brackish water desalination and yet is not fully implemented in industry. The MD is the better alternative to RO for desalination theoretically found in the literature.

scholarly journals An Experimental and Theoretical Study on Separations by Vacuum Membrane Distillation Employing Hollow-Fiber Modules

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthoula Karanasiou ◽  
Margaritis Kostoglou ◽  
Anastasios Karabelas
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Membrane Distillation ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
System Productivity ◽  
Capillary Membrane ◽  
Vacuum Membrane Distillation ◽  
By Products

Vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) is an attractive variant of the novel membrane distillation process, which is promising for various separations, including water desalination and bioethanol recovery through fermentation of agro-industrial by-products. This publication is part of an effort to develop a capillary membrane module for various applications, as well as a model that would facilitate VMD process design. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory pilot VMD unit, comprising polypropylene capillary-membrane modules. Performance data, collected at modest temperatures (37 °C to 65 °C) with deionized and brackish water, confirmed the improved system productivity with increasing feed-water temperature; excellent salt rejection was obtained. The recovery of ethanol from ethanol-water mixtures and from fermented winery by-products was also studied, in continuous, semi-continuous, and batch operating modes. At low-feed-solution temperature (27–47 °C), ethanol-solution was concentrated 4 to 6.5 times in continuous operation and 2 to 3 times in the semi-continuous mode. Taking advantage of the small property variation in the module axial-flow direction, a simple VMD process model was developed, satisfactorily describing the experimental data. This VMD model appears to be promising for practical applications, and warrants further R&D work.

scholarly journals Enhancement of brackish water desalination using hybrid membrane distillation and reverse osmosis systems

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. e0205012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emad Ali ◽  
Jamel Orfi ◽  
Abdullah Najib ◽  
Jehad Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Membrane Distillation ◽  
Hybrid Membrane ◽  
Water Desalination

scholarly journals Forward osmosis (FO)-reverse osmosis (RO) hybrid process incorporated with hollow fiber FO

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-J. Im ◽  
S. Jeong ◽  
A. Jang
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Hollow Fiber ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
High Dilution ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Seawater Reverse Osmosis ◽  
High Energy Consumption

AbstractCurrently, desalination is limited by high energy consumption and high operational and maintenance costs. In this study, a new concept of a hollow fiber forward osmosis (HFFO)-based infinity desalination process with minor environmental impacts (free-energy intake and no pretreatment or brine discharge) is suggested. To evaluate the concept, an element-scale HFFO was conducted in both conventional FO and pressure-assisted FO modes, simulating a submerged HFFO operation. In the HFFO test, the impacts of several operating conditions on the performance of the HFFO were investigated to select the best case. Based on these results, the energy costs were calculated and compared with those of a hybrid FO–seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) process. The HFFO showed a high dilution rate of the draw solution (up to approximately 400%), allowing the downstream SWRO process to operate at 25 bar with the same permeate volume production (recovery rate of 60%). Consequently, the HFFO-based infinity desalination process has an annual energy revenue of 183.83 million USD, compared with a stand-alone two-stage RO process based on a 100,000 m3/day plant.

Biotechnology as an alternative for carbon disulfide treatment in air pollution control

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (NA) ◽  
pp. 321-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naiara Rojo ◽  
Gorka Gallastegi ◽  
Astrid Barona ◽  
Luis Gurtubay ◽  
Gabriel Ibarra-Berastegi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Disulfide ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutant ◽  
High Energy Consumption ◽  
Economical Feasibility ◽  
By Products

Biotechnology has emerged as an affordable, effective, and eco-friendly alternative to treat carbon disulfide (CS2) containing waste gases. Carbon disulfide is a chemical of widespread use both in the past and in the present. Its industry demand has dramatically changed over the last two decades and is expected to grow in future in step with those industries involving fibre, mining, rubber products, and the agro-chemical sector. This compound, classified as a hazardous air pollutant about 20 years ago, has been re-appraised, as increasingly restrictive pollution standards are expected to be introduced. An array of physical–chemical technologies for treating CS2 containing air are already in use, but they have a series of drawbacks, such as high energy consumption (incineration, thermal oxidation), the immobilization of the contaminant solely from one phase to another (adsorption), and the generation of secondary by-products that require additional treatment (hydrolysis). Thus, technological research on affordable processing alternatives is of considerable interest for related industries using or producing CS2. The biological technologies whose efficiency is based on the activity of microorganisms to biodegrade air pollutants overcome many of the disadvantages of conventional techniques and are especially useful for the removal of relatively low concentrations of pollutants. In this paper, the main properties, sources, and uses of CS2 are summarized, and alternative biotreatments for CS2 are reviewed. Several applications of the technical and economical feasibility of biofilters and biotrickling filters are shown, although their widespread industrial application still requires further research.

scholarly journals Energy, drinking water and health nexus in India and its effects on environment and economy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikrant P. Katekar ◽  
Sandip S. Deshmukh ◽  
A. Vasan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Indian States ◽  
The Social ◽  
Desalination Plants ◽  
High Energy Consumption ◽  
Criterion Analysis

Abstract This paper examines energy, drinking water and health nexus in India, and its consequences for the environment and economy. To establish this nexus, K-means cluster analysis and Davies–Bouldin validation index are employed to group 32 Indian states and union territories. The classification was performed based on 16 criteria, and the number of optimal clusters arrived at is 8. The nexus between energy, drinking water and health must be cautiously dealt with to ensure the social and economic growth of the nation. The criterion analysis of the states within these clusters indicates that states and union territories facing energy crises are usually deficient in safe drinking water services; consequently, people of those regions suffer from ill-health, which increases the economic burden on people through the loss of work productivity. With a deficient cash reserve, the communities are incapable of fulfilling the demand for energy and safe drinking water. However, while installing desalination plants to fulfil the need for safe drinking water, their environmental impact must be taken into account, as these systems have high energy consumption and significant environmental impact.

A Case Study of Decentralized Off-Grid Water Treatment Using Reverse Osmosis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Baghaei Lakeh ◽  
Daniel Andrade ◽  
Kyle J. Miller ◽  
Bowen Du ◽  
Joshua Pham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
United States Geological Survey ◽  
High Pressure Pump

Decentralized water treatment consists of a variety of water treatment techniques for dwellings, industrial facilities, homes, and businesses independent of the power grid. According to the United States Geological Survey, brackish groundwater is abundant in the southwestern states including California; hence it can potentially be considered a new source for California’s water portfolio. Most of membrane-based desalination technologies (e.g. reverse osmosis) have high energy demand and cost. Using renewable energy (mostly solar photovoltaics) in concert with membrane-based water desalination can be utilized to develop decentralized and off-grid brackish water desalination systems especially for remote and rural regions. In this paper, the results of a case study on decentralized off-grid brackish water system have been presented and discussed. The system utilizes a high pressure pump that can provide a feed flow rate of 2.2 gpm of at 140 psi. The system is run by solar photovoltaic panels through a battery bank. The results of the study show that the system is capable of treating brackish water at a salt rejection rate of more than 97.5% and a recovery rate up to 80%.

scholarly journals Comparative Studies of Membrane Distillation and Reverse Osmosis for Seawater Desalination

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilal Al Maawali ◽  
Dr. Jimoh Kayode Adewole ◽  
Asma Al Kharusi ◽  
Jihan Al-Qartoubi ◽  
Maryam Al Maamari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Process Intensification ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Membrane Distillation ◽  
Desalination Plants

The essence of water in our everyday activities cannot be overemphasized. The major source of water in the Middle East is seawater and the most widely used technique for water treatment is Reverse osmosis (RO). However, the major challenge in the use of RO is the high-energy consumption resulting from the need for pumping at very high pressure. In this research work, the capability of a low-pressure Membrane Distillation (MD) technique as a replacement for RO was evaluated. A comparative study of MD and RO was done using process intensification, cost estimation, and process economic approach. The study was performed using process intensification metrics including mass intensity; waste intensity; productivity/size ratio; productivity/weight ratio; flexibility and modularity. The cost estimation involving the capital and operating expenses for RO and MD desalination plants was also determined based on the productivity of the plants. Moreover, process economic factors including profits, cash flow, and cumulative cash flow were also evaluated. The preliminary results obtained showed that the MD and RO possess the same capability to be used in the desalination plant based on process intensification. In addition, MD can be preferred in a situation where waste heat can be harnessed from neighboring industries. MD can also be better than RO with respect to the resistance of MD membrane materials to fouling. On the other hand, MD is more expensive than RO based on cost estimation and process economic results obtained.

scholarly journals Applications of Ultrafiltration, Reverse Osmosis, Nanofiltration, and Microfiltration in Dairy and Food Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Jasper Shekin J
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Membrane System ◽  
Membrane Distillation ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Membrane Processes ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Vacuum Membrane Distillation ◽  
By Products

Food industry is the place to convert raw edible materials to processed foods. Processing foods involves standardization, removal of unnecessary components, addition of essential components, thermal treatments etc. Membrane processes help enhancing the food primely in terms of keeping quality, nutritional value, component recovery and by-products utilization. Feed is given to the membrane system while retentate and permeate are obtained. Components of food can be separated according to size, charge and other characteristics using various membrane processes. The major ones are Ultrafiltration, Reverse Osmosis, Nanofiltration and Microfiltration which are done either single or in combination of more than one process and also in addition with processes such as electrodialysis and vacuum membrane distillation. These processes act as step(s) in the operating procedure of a food or as an alternative method to process the same food with better quality.

scholarly journals An integrated approach to enhance the desalination process: coupling reverse osmosis process with microbial desalination cells in the UAE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarun Shivakumar ◽  
Vahid Razaviarani
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Process Studies ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Feed Inlet

Abstract The growing need for better sources of fresh water has led to water desalination become a dominant technology in the water industry, especially in arid countries like the UAE. Across the globe, Reverse Osmosis (RO) has become the key method used to desalinate seawater. Due to the high energy requirements of RO desalination, the need to reduce the energy load has become a pertinent area of research. Microbial Desalination Cells (MDCs) are an emergent technology that show great promise being integrated into the RO desalination process. Studies have shown that a significant portion of the energy utilized in RO desalination could be eliminated by using MDCs as a pretreatment process. In this study, the integration of various MDC types into the pre-treatment process for Reverse Osmosis Desalination were compared and explored. Existing MDC integration setups were briefly explained. Research was split into possible configurations for the integration. This includes optimization of key parameters such as anodic inoculum, feed inlet ratios and accompanying pretreatment processes. The limitations and challenges faced in the integration were investigated and the required future studies aligned with subject was deliberated.

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