scholarly journals A cross-linguistic view on the obligatory insertion of additive particles — Maximize Presupposition vs. Obligatory Implicatures

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Bade ◽  
Agata Renans
Keyword(s):  
Additive Particles ◽  
Maximize Presupposition

scholarly journals Presuppositions, implicatures, and contextual equivalence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Marty ◽  
Jacopo Romoli
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Empirical Adequacy ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Systematic Comparison ◽  
The Core ◽  
New Information ◽  
Maximize Presupposition ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Contextual Equivalence

AbstractMaximize Presupposition! (MP), as originally proposed in Heim (Semantik: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung, pp. 487–535, 1991) and developed in subsequent works, offers an account of the otherwise mysterious unassertability of a variety of sentences. At the core of MP is the idea that speakers are urged to use a sentence ψ over a sentence ϕ if ψ contributes the same new information as ϕ, yet carries a stronger presupposition. While MP has been refined in many ways throughout the years, most (if not all) of its formulations have retained this characterisation of the MP-competition. Recently, however, the empirical adequacy of this characterisation has been questioned in light of certain newly discovered cases that are infelicitous, despite meeting MP-competition conditions. This has led some researchers to broaden the scope of MP, extending it to competition between sentences which are not contextually equivalent (Spector and Sudo in Linguistics and Philosophy 40(5):473–517, 2017) and whose presuppositions are not satisfied in the context (Anvari in Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory 28, pp. 711–726, 2018; Manuscript, IJN-ENS, 2019). In this paper, we present a body of evidence showing that these formulations of MP are sometimes too liberal, sometimes too restrictive: they overgenerate infelicity for a variety of felicitous cases while leaving the infelicity of minimally different cases unaccounted for. We propose an alternative, implicature-based approach stemming from Magri (PhD dissertation, MIT, 2009), Meyer (PhD dissertation, MIT, 2013), and Marty (PhD dissertation, MIT, 2017), which reintroduces contextual equivalence and presupposition satisfaction in some form through the notion of relevance. This approach is shown to account for the classical and most of the novel cases. Yet some of the latter remain problematic for this approach as well. We end the paper with a systematic comparison of the different approaches to MP and MP-like phenomena, covering both the classical and the novel cases. All in all, the issue of how to properly restrict the competition for MP-like phenomena remains an important challenge for all accounts in the literature.

scholarly journals Space Charge Characteristics and Electrical Properties of Micro-Nano ZnO/LDPE Composites

Crystals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 481
Author(s):  
Jun-Guo Gao ◽  
Xia Li ◽  
Wen-Hua Yang ◽  
Xiao-Hong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Space Charge ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Breakdown Field ◽  
Nano Composite ◽  
Nano Zno ◽  
Additive Particles ◽  
Ldpe Composites ◽  
Short Connection

The synergistic effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) Micro/Nano particles simultaneously filled in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) on the space charge characteristics and electrical properties has been investigated by melt blending micro-scale and nanoscale ZnO additive particles into LDPE matrix to prepare Micro-ZnO, Nano-ZnO, and Micro-Nano ZnO/LDPE composites. The morphological structures of composite samples are characterized by Polarizing Light Microscopy (PLM), and the space charge accumulations and insulation performances are correlated in the analyses with Pulse Electronic Acoustic (PEA), DC breakdown field strength, and conductance tests. It is indicated that both the micro and nano ZnO fillers can introduce plenty of heterogeneous nuclei into the LDPE matrix so as to impede the LDPE spherocrystal growth and regularize the crystalline grains in neatly-arranged morphology. By filling microparticles together with nanoparticles of ZnO additives, the space charge accumulations are significantly inhibited under an applied DC voltage and the minimum initial residual charges with the slowest charge decaying rate have been achieved after an electrode short connection. While the micro-nano ZnO/LDPE composites acquire the lowest conductivity, the breakdown strengths of the ZnO/LDPE nanocomposite and micro-nano composite are, respectively, 13.7% and 3.4% higher than that of the neat LDPE material.

Let's talk about you and me

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 465-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
HEDDE ZEIJLSTRA
Keyword(s):  
Blocking Effect ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
First Person ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Maximize Presupposition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cross

A recent development in Dutch concerns the deictic interpretation of the second-person singular pronoun je, which may refer to the speaker only. In such examples the subject refers to the speaker – not the hearer – but at the same time, these examples come along with an implicature stating that the hearer would have done the same thing if s/he were in the speaker's situation. Why is it the case that a second-person singular pronoun may refer to the speaker only? And why is it that when speaker-referring je is used, it always comes along with an implicature of the kind described above? In this article I argue that this behavior of Dutch je is a consequence of its semantically unmarked status with respect to the first-person singular pronoun ik. Along the lines of Sauerland (2008), I propose that Dutch je only carries one feature, [PARTICIPANT], whereas ik carries two features: [SPEAKER] and [PARTICIPANT]. Consequently, je may in principle refer to all participants in the conversation, enabling je to refer to the speaker as well. The fact that je does not normally refer to the speaker but to the hearer only then follows as some kind of blocking effect resulting from application of the principle of Maximize Presupposition. The paper concludes by spelling out the predictions that this analysis makes for the cross-linguistic variation with respect to the readings that participant and other pronouns may yield.

scholarly journals Effect of nanosilica additive particles on both friction and wear performance of mild steel/CuSn/SnBi multimaterial system

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 372-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ait-Sadi ◽  
L. Hemmouche ◽  
L. Hattali ◽  
M. Britah ◽  
A. Iost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mild Steel ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Wear Performance ◽  
Additive Particles

scholarly journals On the status of 'Maximize Presupposition'

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Lauer
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Communication ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Alternative Conception ◽  
Normative Constraint ◽  
Maximize Presupposition ◽  
The Status ◽  
Pragmatic Reasoning ◽  
Normative Rule

Heim (1991) postulated the principle MAXIMIZE PRESUPPOSITION (MP), which has proven useful in the explanation of a range of phenomena But what kind of principle is MP? Is it a normative constraint on language use, akin to a rule in a game? Or is it similar to Grice's MAXIMS OF CONVERSATION, which capture defeasible tendencies in behavior motivated by general considerations about cooperative communication? I argue that either construal faces significant challenges, and provide an alternative conception of MP as a 'linguistic preference'—a (selfish) preference between linguistic forms that speakers happen to have. In this view, MP is neither a normative rule nor a Gricean maxim, but it functions like, and interacts with, such maxims in pragmatic reasoning.

scholarly journals Some electrical properties of PVA:PEG/MnCl2 thin film composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (33) ◽  
pp. 122-130
Author(s):  
Mahdi Hasan Suhail
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Poly Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Casting Method ◽  
Additive Particles ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Thin Film Composites ◽  
Film Composites

PVA:PEG/MnCl2 composites have been prepared by adding (MnCl2) to the mixture of the poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and poly ethylene glycol (PEG) with different weight percentages (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) wt.% by using casting method. The type of charge carriers, concentration (nH) and Hall mobility (μH) have been estimated from Hall measurements and show that the films of all concentration have a negative Hall coefficient. In D.C measurement increase temperature leads to decrease the electrical resistance. The D.C conductivity of the composites increases with the increasing of the concentration of additive particles and temperature. The activation energy decreases for all composites with increasing the concentration of the additive particles. The A.C conductivity increases with increasing of the frequency and the concentration of MnCl2 particles. The A.C electrical properties show that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the composites decrease with increasing of the frequency.

scholarly journals Discourse roles of particles in Chiyao

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Taji Julius
Keyword(s):  
Audio Recording ◽  
Additive Particles ◽  
Entire Sentence ◽  
Communicative Strategy

This paper seeks to investigate the discourse roles of particles in Chiyao along with their environment of occurrence and scope of interpretation. The analysis is based on the data collected through audio-recording of traditional narratives which were later transcribed to identify utterances with particles. The findings establish that particles in Chiyao can occur in three major types of environment, namely within the NP as is the case with question particles, demonstrativeparticles, and exclusive particles; within the VP as is the case with question particles, exclusive particles, and negative particles; and in pre-sentential position (e.g. emotional particles, additive particles, and contrast particles). Concerning the scope of interpretation, the analysis indicates that particles that occur within the NP have their scope of interpretation limited to the NP, while the meaning of those that occur as part of the VP or in pre-sentential position applies to the entire sentence. As for the discourse roles, it is shown that the Chiyao particle performs different significant roles, including emphatic roles, such as emphasising negation; and exclusive roles, that is, to single out some elements within a clause from the rest of a clause in order to show focus. It is further shown that particles are used to signal interrogation, and for anaphoric purposes. Moreover, particles in Chiyao indicate deixis as well as emotions such as surprise,anger, disapproval and shock. Finally, particles indicate contrast and addition. These findings lead to a conclusion that the use of particles represents an important communicative strategy in Chiyao.

scholarly journals Catalitic effect of Co on hydrogen desorption form nanostucturated magnesium hydride

2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Matovic ◽  
Snezana Milovanovic ◽  
Milica Drvendzija ◽  
Jasmina Grbovic-Novakovic
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Desorption ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Desorption Kinetics ◽  
Dehydration Process ◽  
Additive Particles ◽  
Metal Addition ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
New Phase ◽  
Metal Additive

To study the influence of 3d transition metal addition on desorption kinetics of MgH2 ball milling of MgH2-Co blends was performed under Ar. Microstructural and morphological characterization, performed by XRD and SEM, show a huge correlation with thermal stability and hydrogen desorption properties investigated by DSC. A complex desorption behavior is correlated with the dispersion of the metal additive particles on hydride matrix. The activation energy for H2 desorption from MgH2-Co composite was calculated from both non-isothermal and isothermal methods to be 130 kJ/mol which means that mutually diffusion and nucleation and growth of new phase control the dehydration process.

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