scholarly journals Triblock Copolymers Based on ε-Caprolactone and Trimethylene Carbonate for the 3D Printing of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysun Güney ◽  
Jos Malda ◽  
Wouter J.A. Dhert ◽  
Dirk W. Grijpma
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Glass Transition ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Melting Temperature ◽  
Triblock Copolymers ◽  
Ethylene Carbonate ◽  
Porous Structures ◽  
Trimethylene Carbonate ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Slow Cooling

Background Biodegradable PCL- b-PTMC- b-PCL triblock copolymers based on trimethylene carbonate (TMC) and ε-caprolactone (CL) were prepared and used in the 3D printing of tissue engineering scaffolds. Triblock copolymers of various molecular weights containing equal amounts of TMC and CL were prepared. These block copolymers combine the low glass transition temperature of amorphous PTMC (approximately -20°C) and the semi-crystallinity of PCL (glass transition approximately -60°C and melting temperature approximately 60°C). Methods PCL- b-PTMC- b-PCL triblock copolymers were synthesized by sequential ring opening polymerization (ROP) of TMC and ε-CL. From these materials, films were prepared by solvent casting and porous structures were prepared by extrusion-based 3D printing. Results Films prepared from a polymer with a relatively high molecular weight of 62 kg/mol had a melting temperature of 58°C and showed tough and resilient behavior, with values of the elastic modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break of approximately 120 MPa, 16 MPa and 620%, respectively. Porous structures were prepared by 3D printing. Ethylene carbonate was used as a crystalizable and water-extractable solvent to prepare structures with microporous strands. Solutions, containing 25 wt% of the triblock copolymer, were extruded at 50°C then cooled at different temperatures. Slow cooling at room temperature resulted in pores with widths of 18 ± 6 μm and lengths of 221 ± 77 μm, rapid cooling with dry ice resulted in pores with widths of 13 ± 3 μm and lengths of 58 ± 12 μm. These PCL- b-PTMC- b-PCL triblock copolymers processed into porous structures at relatively low temperatures may find wide application as designed degradable tissue engineering scaffolds. Conclusions In this preliminary study we prepared biodegradable triblock copolymers based on 1,3-trimethylene carbonate and ε-caprolactone and assessed their physical characteristics. Furthermore, we evaluated their potential as melt-processable thermoplastic elastomeric biomaterials in 3D printing of tissue engineering scaffolds.

scholarly journals GAKTpore: Stereological Characterisation Methods for Porous Foams in Biomedical Applications

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1269
Author(s):  
Gareth Sheppard ◽  
Karl Tassenberg ◽  
Bogdan Nenchev ◽  
Joel Strickland ◽  
Ramy Mesalam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Collagen Scaffold ◽  
Porous Structures ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Sem Micrograph ◽  
Cell Adhesion And Proliferation ◽  
Characterisation Methods

In tissue engineering, scaffolds are a key component that possess a highly elaborate pore structure. Careful characterisation of such porous structures enables the prediction of a variety of large-scale biological responses. In this work, a rapid, efficient, and accurate methodology for 2D bulk porous structure analysis is proposed. The algorithm, “GAKTpore”, creates a morphology map allowing quantification and visualisation of spatial feature variation. The software achieves 99.6% and 99.1% mean accuracy for pore diameter and shape factor identification, respectively. There are two main algorithm novelties within this work: (1) feature-dependant homogeneity map; (2) a new waviness function providing insights into the convexity/concavity of pores, important for understanding the influence on cell adhesion and proliferation. The algorithm is applied to foam structures, providing a full characterisation of a 10 mm diameter SEM micrograph (14,784 × 14,915 px) with 190,249 pores in ~9 min and has elucidated new insights into collagen scaffold formation by relating microstructural formation to the bulk formation environment. This novel porosity characterisation algorithm demonstrates its versatility, where accuracy, repeatability, and time are paramount. Thus, GAKTpore offers enormous potential to optimise and enhance scaffolds within tissue engineering.

scholarly journals THREE-DIMENSIONAL NANOCOMPOSITE SCAFFOLDS FOR BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING: FROM DESIGN TO APPLICATION

Nano LIFE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 1250005 ◽  
Author(s):  
BIN DUAN ◽  
MIN WANG ◽  
WILLIAM W. LU
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ◽  
Human Umbilical Cord ◽  
Porous Structures ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Surface Modified ◽  
Nanocomposite Scaffolds

Selective laser sintering (SLS), a rapid prototyping technology, was investigated for producing bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Completely biodegradable osteoconductive calcium phosphate (Ca-P)/poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) scaffolds were successfully fabricated via SLS using Ca-P/PHBV nanocomposite microspheres. In the SLS manufacturing route, the architecture of tissue engineering scaffolds (pore shape, size, interconnectivity, etc.) can be designed and the sintering process can be optimized for obtaining scaffolds with desirable porous structures and mechanical properties. SLS was also shown to be very effective in producing highly complex porous structures using nanocomposite microspheres. To render SLS-formed Ca-P/PHBV scaffolds osteoinductive, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) could be loaded onto the scaffolds. For achieving a controlled release of rhBMP-2 from scaffolds, surface modification of Ca-P/PHBV scaffolds by gelatin entrapment and heparin immobilization was needed. The immobilized heparin provided binding affinity for rhBMP-2. Surface modified Ca-P/PHBV nanocomposite scaffolds loaded with rhBMP-2 enhanced the proliferation of human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) and also their alkaline phosphatase activity. In in vivo experiments using a rabbit model, surface modified Ca-P/PHBV nanocomposite scaffolds loaded with rhBMP-2 promoted ectopic bone formation, exhibiting their osteoinductivity. The strategy of combining advanced scaffold fabrication, nanocomposite material, and controlled growth factor delivery is promising for bone tissue regeneration.

scholarly journals Fabrication of scalable tissue engineering scaffolds with dual-pore microarchitecture by combining 3D printing and particle leaching

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 180-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumyaranjan Mohanty ◽  
Kuldeep Sanger ◽  
Arto Heiskanen ◽  
Jon Trifol ◽  
Peter Szabo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

Highly filled poly( l ‐lactic acid)/hydroxyapatite composite for 3D printing of personalized bone tissue engineering scaffolds

2020 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 49662
Author(s):  
Gleb Dubinenko ◽  
Aleksey Zinoviev ◽  
Evgeny Bolbasov ◽  
Anna Kozelskaya ◽  
Evgeniy Shesterikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Hydroxyapatite Composite

scholarly journals Synthesis, Characterization, and Osteoblastic Cell Culture of Poly(L-co-D,L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate) Scaffolds

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Dutra Messias ◽  
Kelly Fernanda Martins ◽  
Adriana Cristina Motta ◽  
Eliana Aparecida de Rezende Duek
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Glass Transition ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Molar Mass ◽  
Bulk Polymerization ◽  
Osteoblastic Cell ◽  
Trimethylene Carbonate ◽  
Average Molar Mass ◽  
Copolymer Poly

Lactide-based polymers have been widely investigated as materials for tissue engineering. However, characteristics such as low flexibility and elongation tend to limit particular applications, although these can be enhanced by adding plasticizers such as trimethylene carbonate (TMC) to the polymer chain of the copolymer poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide) (PLDLA). The aim of this work was to synthesize and characterize a terpolymer of L-lactide, D,L-lactide, and TMC. The polymers were synthesized from 30% TMC by bulk polymerization and resulted in an average molar mass >105 g/mol. Thermal investigation of PLDLA-TMC showed a decrease in the glass transition and onset temperatures compared to PLDLA. PLDLA-TMC scaffolds stimulated the proliferation and normal phenotypic manifestations of cultured osteoblasts. These results show that it was possible to produce a terpolymer from L-lactide, D,L-lactide, and TMC. Scaffolds of this terpolymer had important characteristics that could be useful for applications in bone tissue engineering.

Polymer structure-property requirements for stereolithographic 3D printing of soft tissue engineering scaffolds

Biomaterials ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 170-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Mondschein ◽  
Akanksha Kanitkar ◽  
Christopher B. Williams ◽  
Scott S. Verbridge ◽  
Timothy E. Long
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Polymer Structure ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Soft Tissue Engineering
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