An Apparatus for the Extraction of Samples of Rubber and Other Materials with Solvents

1934 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-601
Author(s):  
H. J. Stern ◽  
W. Pufett
Keyword(s):  
Small Samples ◽  
Carbon Filament ◽  
Sheet Iron ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
Filament Lamps

Abstract The following is a brief description of a simple, cheap and efficient apparatus for the extraction of small samples of rubber and other materials with solvents, as is required in analytical work. It may also be used for any reactions which involve refluxing. The apparatus is shown in diagram in Figs. 1, 2 and 3. The base is made from a piece of a suitable quality of heat-resisting ebonite such as Silvernite. On the base is mounted a series of carbon filament lamps, six being a convenient number for one unit. Each lamp has its own switch. Around the lamp is a cylinder of sheet iron or zinc, perforated as shown. These cylinders serve to support the flasks, which are in effect heated by warm air from the lamp. In the diagram the cylinders are shown with a plain top, but it is sometimes of advantage to have this serrated, so as to avoid any tendency for extracts to become “baked” above the level of the solvent.

scholarly journals Rapid, Automated Tissue Processing Techniques for Small Biopsies Can be used to Produce Quality Sections for Diagnostic Reporting in Histopathology

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Finall
Keyword(s):  
Medical Literature ◽  
Endometrial Biopsy ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
Future Outcomes ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Prospective Monitoring

Surgical histopathologists are currently working in a context of high demand and requirement for fast turnaround times to report small diagnostic biopsies. Use of automated rapid cycle processing could improve turnaround times for reporting small biopsies. There are few papers in the medical literature describing detailed assessment of staining quality in verification of automated rapid cycle processing methods. This study assessed quality of immunohistochemical and haematoxylin and eosin staining of 62 paired endometrial biopsy samples processed using standard overnight cycles compared with rapid cycles of either 2, 3 or 4 hours duration. We found that small biopsies adequately fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin were of sufficient staining quality for use in diagnostic reporting if they were processed for 3 or 4 hours. Five samples in our 2-hour group were of insufficient staining quality for full microscopic evaluation and histopathological diagnosis. As such, the 2-hour method was rejected. Rapid cycles of three hours duration will be adopted in our laboratory for processing small samples. Prospective monitoring of report turnaround times will be needed to assess impact on future outcomes for patients.

scholarly journals On Harmonization of Business Accounting and the SNA

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
Yu. N. Ivanov ◽  
T. A. Khomenko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Information Base ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Ministry Of Finance

The article considers a wide range of questions pertaining to possible and applicable harmonization of business accounting and the SNA which would, if implemented, facilitate the improvement of the information base for the compilation of national accounts and consistency of analysis of economy at micro and macro levels. The authors note that total harmonization of the two systems of information cannot be achieved due to diff erences in their key objectives. The harmonization of selected indicators and classifi cation, however, is possible and useful. In this context, the views on this matter of internationally-recognized national accounts experts, such as R. Ruggles (the USA) and F. Bos (the Netherlands), are commented on. A comparative analysis of concepts and defi nitions of some indicators of both systems is presented in the article. In particular, the diff erences between the income defi nitions. For instance, it is noted that the SNA defi nition of income is based on the concept developed by J. Hiсks and it excludes income from sales of assets and holding gains, whereas in business accounting this method is not adopted. The diff erences between two systems in defi nitions of sale of output, input, profi t and methods of valuation of indicators are also described in the article. The authors substantiate the possible directions and sequence of individual steps to the harmonization of the SNA and business accounting in the Russian Federation. They emphasize the need for close interaction between Rosstat and the Ministry of Finance of Russia in carrying out this vital work, which is necessary for creating single information, statistical and methodological space in Russia, to improve the quality of statistics and accounting, analytical work in general and management decisions.

Fructose content and fructolysis in semen. Practical application in the evaluation of semen quality

1948 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Bull Semen ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
High Level ◽  
Fresh Semen

SUMMARY1. A method is described whereby fructose content and fructolysis can be assayed accurately in small samples of semen. The advantages of this method lie in its simplicity, accuracy and practical convenience as a tool for the assessment of semen quality, applicable also under field conditions.2. The content of fructose in fresh semen depends upon the secretory function of accessory glands which is influenced directly by the activity of the male sex hormone. A low level of seminal fructose may coincide with other symptoms of hormonal malfunction and poor quality of spermatozoa. A high level of seminal fructose indicates satisfactory functional ability of the accessory glands, but it does not necessarily coincide with high quality of spermatozoa as expressed in terms of density and motility.3. The normal level of fructose in fresh semen undergoes frequent fluctuations which can be observed if semen collections are made from the same individual at different times. Considerable variations in the sperm/fructose ratio may also occur in the semen of the same individual as illustrated by the results of an ‘exhaustion test’.4. Fructose disappears from semen incubated in vitro. The rate of fructose disappearance forms a convenient measure of sperm fructolysis. The normal rate of fructolysis in bull semen is 1·4–2 mg. fructose per 109 sperm cells in 1 hr. at 37° C. At this high level it can be maintained until almost the whole reserve of fructose has been exhausted. Azoospermic and necrospennic semen, as well as that from vasectomized animals, are unable to utilize fructose. A reduced rate of fructolysis is found in low quality semen of subfertile and infertile animals.5. The conditions of sperm survival in semen incubated in narrow tubes as used for the fructolysis test as well as for storage of semen in the practice of artificial insemination, are almost purely anaerobic. Under such conditions the survival of spermatozoa must largely depend upon fructolysis and not upon respiration.

Application of Bayesian Theory to Water Quality Comprehensive Assessment

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 917-922
Author(s):  
Mei Liu ◽  
Jun Lu
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Simple Calculation ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Water Quality Evaluation ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Evaluation Standards ◽  
Quality Grade ◽  
Current Water

According to many uncertain problems of current water quality comprehensive assessment, a Bayesian model for water quality evaluation was established based on the basic principles of Bayesian formula. Select monthly monitoring data for 5 parameters at 15 different monitoring sections, generated from July 2006 to June 2007 and use Chinese GB3838-2002 as evaluation standards to analyze the water quality grade in this study. The annual evaluation results show that the water quality of ChangLe River mainly belongs to Ⅲ and Ⅳ grade. The monthly water quality has a certain relation with rainfall. The Bayesian method has the characteristic of more integrated, suitable for both large and small samples, simple calculation and easily to be used widely.

THE EFFECT OF BLEACHING ON STRENGTH AND COLOR OF SASKATCHEWAN HARD RED SPRING WHEAT FLOUR

1931 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-420
Author(s):  
R. K. Larmour ◽  
F. D. Machon
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Rapid Method ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Simple Formula ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Loaf Volume ◽  
Bleaching Effect ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat

A rapid method for gas bleaching small samples has been described. A series of eight flours of varying protein content was prepared and divided into six subseries. One of these was used as a check; three were bleached with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 oz. Betachlor per barrel respectively and the remaining two were treated with 0.36 and 0.72 oz. Novadel per barrel respectively. The forty-eight samples thus obtained were baked one day after treatment and again after storing for one month.Novadel gives a good bleach but has little if any maturing effect. Betachlor is somewhat poorer than Novadel in bleaching effect but it matures the flour. The maturing effect on weak flours is slight but with high protein flours it increases with increasing dosages. This reaction seems to be dependent to some extent on the quantity of protein present.Unbleached flour baked with addition of potassium bromate gives practically the same result as chlorine-bleached flour baked by the simple formula. Aging causes further improvement in quality of chlorine-bleached flours but not so much as in unbleached or Novadel-bleached flours. The color of the bleached samples improved with aging at almost the same rate as the unbleached samples. The blending quality of flours does not appear to improve as a result of bleaching. Both bleached and unbleached samples in this experiment when baked by the bromate formula in a blend with soft flour, gave practically the same results with respect to loaf volume, texture, and appearance, and only a slight inferiority of the unbleached in color score.

Standardizing Methodologies for Economic Evaluation in Health Care: Practice, Problems, and Potential

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Drummond ◽  
Arno Brandt ◽  
Bryan Luce ◽  
Joan Rovira
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Care Practice ◽  
Scientific Quality ◽  
Health Care Practice ◽  
Health Care Interventions ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
Care Decision

AbstractThere has been an exponential growth in the literature on economic evaluation in health care. As the range and quality of analytical work has improved, economic studies are becoming more influential with health care decision makers. The development of standards for economic evaluation methods would help maintain the scientific quality of studies, facilitate the comparison of economic evaluation results for different health care interventions, and assist in the interpretation of results from setting to setting. However, standardization might unnecessarily stifle methodological developments. This paper reviews the arguments for and against standardization, assesses attempts to date, outlines the main areas of agreement and disagreement on methods for economic evaluation, and makes recommendations for further work.

scholarly journals Improvement quality of preparation specialists in area of mathematical modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (134) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Yasev
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Building Model ◽  
Optimization Parameters ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Mathematical Design

Improvement quality of preparation specialists in area of mathematical modeling is an actual problem in education students (especially applied) and non mathematical special-ties. For solving this problem must be used system and successive exposition of mainte-nance of the stages of building model with obligatory demonstration of there intercom-munications. Each stage of modeling makes some part of quality of model. Most difficult stage is idealization of original, because in this case the most important properties of original must be distinguished and the experimental samples of output of variables of original and calculation samples of model are got.. Main attention it must be spared to estimation of adequacy original and model with the help of famous nonparametric criteria such as criterion Wilcoxon and special criterion for small samples. This criterion is based on the statistical analysis of output variables of the model and original. At a necessity new structural or technological suggestions are developed for perfection of original. Last part of modeling usually is optimization parameters of original. The method of optimization is elected depending on the type of model and maintenance of task.Methodology of study, that provides a receipt of the deeper and complete under-standing of essence of mathematical modeling of technical objects is offered. Positive results are achieved by using method which is proposed.System exposition of material and accent during the teaching on research and proof adequacy of model allow to attain the deeper and complete understanding by students of essence of mathematical design of technical objects and promote efficiency of preparation of specialists in area of the applied mathematical modeling.

scholarly journals Determination of essential oil content in caraway (Carum carvi L.) species by means of supercritical fluid extraction

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sedláková ◽  
B. Kocourková ◽  
L. Lojková ◽  
V. Kubáň
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Supercritical Fluid Extraction ◽  
Supercritical Fluid ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Fluid Extraction ◽  
Carum Carvi ◽  
Main Portion

Dependently on planting conditions caraway fruits contain 1–9% of essential oils consisting of about 30 compounds. Carvone and limonene account for the main portion, about 95%. To evaluate the quality of various registered caraway (Carum carvi L.) cultivars (Kepron, Prochan and Rekord) planted during 1998–2000, regarding the effect of sample grinding and preparation, plant treatment and time of harvest, the amounts of essential oil and the carvone/limonene ratio were determined. Both whole and ground caraway seeds were extracted. As obvious from the results, SFE is not suitable for the determination of essential oils in whole seeds since the results are lower in comparison with those of ground caraway. The way of grinding was also examined. Of the three mills used, a splintery mill VIPO seemed to be the most suitable. Further, the amount of essential oil was studied in caraway gathered at the beginning of maturation (sample A) and at full ripeness (sample B) of caraway seeds. It was found that the samples gathered at full ripeness (samples B) had more essential oil. It was also concluded that the use of the regulator Roundup Bioaktiv during caraway maturation to unite the ripening of achenes in the main umbel and the first-order umbels, and the use of fungicides (Alert S and Prelude 10) affected positively the amount of essential oil in caraway. Possibilities of SFE application for the essential oil determination in small samples gathered during breeding were investigated. The results were used as a one of the criteria during breeding. Classical way of the essential oil determination does not allow this option. An alternative method for the isolation and determination of essential oils – supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) – was investigated in this study.

Transport resources, mobility and unmet transport needs in old age

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1190-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
RANDI HJORTHOL
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

ABSTRACTPrevious research has shown that mobility and the ability to leave the home are among the essential aspects of older people's quality of life. However, surveys of older people's access to transport resources and the impact of mobility on welfare and wellbeing are few. Many previous studies are based on small samples or qualitative data. The questions addressed in this paper are how transport resources are distributed among different groups of older people, to which degree the transport needs of these groups are met and how this is related to their wellbeing. The empirical analysis is based on a Norwegian nationwide survey among 4,723 respondents 65 years and older. The respondents were asked about their access to transport resources, both private and public, health problems connected to use of transport modes, their daily activities and mobility, their uncovered transport needs and the importance of different activities for their life quality. The analysis reveals great differences between groups; especially between men and women, but also between different age groups and by different place of living. The special transport offered by the local authorities is seen as insufficient, and with increasing age a great deal of older people have low mobility and an uncovered transport need that reduces their life quality.

GRINDING TIME—A SCREENING TEST FOR KERNEL HARDNESS IN WHEAT

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. KOSMOLAK
Keyword(s):  
Screening Test ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Kernel Hardness ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Seed Damage ◽  
Percent Moisture ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
Grinding Time

A test for screening early generation wheat lines for kernel hardness is described. The test is rapid, uses small samples and is easily performed. Resulting grinding times can be used to classify wheat according to hardness, to detect possible seed damage, to give an estimate of the potential milling and baking quality of wheat and to make quality screening more efficient. Differences between hard and soft wheats are large so that protein content, kernel size and percent moisture have little effect on the use of grinding time as a quality screening test in wheat breeding programs in western Canada.

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