Technical–tactical analysis of small combat games in male kickboxers: effects of varied number of opponents and area size

Background To handle the competition demands, sparring drills are used for specific technical–tactical training as well as physical–physiological conditioning in combat sports. While the effects of different area sizes and number of within-round sparring partners on physiological and perceptive responses in combats sports were examined in previous studies, technical and tactical aspects were not investigated. This study investigated the effect of different within-round sparring partners number (i.e., at a time; 1 vs. 1, 1 vs. 2, and 1 vs. 4) and area sizes (2 m × 2 m, 4 m × 4 m, and 6 m × 6 m) variation on the technical–tactical aspects of small combat games in kickboxing. Method Twenty male kickboxers (mean ± standard deviation, age: 20.3 ± 0.9 years), regularly competing in regional and national events randomly performed nine different kickboxing combats, lasting 2 min each. All combats were video recorded and analyzed using the software Dartfish. Results Results showed that the total number of punches was significantly higher in 1 versus 4 compared with 1 versus 1 (p = 0.011, d = 0.83). Further, the total number of kicks was significantly higher in 1 versus 4 compared with 1 versus 1 and 1 versus 2 (p < 0.001; d = 0.99 and d = 0.83, respectively). Moreover, the total number of kick combinations was significantly higher in 1 versus 4 compared with 1 versus 1 and 1 versus 2 (p < 0.001; d = 1.05 and d = 0.95, respectively). The same outcome was significantly lower in 2 m × 2 m compared with 4 m × 4 m and 6 m × 6 m areas (p = 0.010 and d = − 0.45; p < 0.001 and d = − 0.6, respectively). The number of block-and-parry was significantly higher in 1 versus 4 compared with 1 versus 1 (p < 0.001, d = 1.45) and 1 versus 2 (p = 0.046, d = 0.61) and in 2 m × 2 m compared with 4 m × 4 m and 6 × 6 m areas (p < 0.001; d = 0.47 and d = 0.66, respectively). Backwards lean actions occurred more often in 2 m × 2 m compared with 4 m × 4 m (p = 0.009, d = 0.53) and 6 m × 6 m (p = 0.003, d = 0.60). However, the number of foot defenses was significantly lower in 2 m × 2 m compared with 6 m × 6 m (p < 0.001, d = 1.04) and 4 m × 4 m (p = 0.004, d = 0.63). Additionally, the number of clinches was significantly higher in 1 versus 1 compared with 1 versus 2 (p = 0.002, d = 0.7) and 1 versus 4 (p = 0.034, d = 0.45). Conclusions This study provides practical insights into how to manipulate within-round sparring partners' number and/or area size to train specific kickboxing technical–tactical fundamentals. Trial registration This study does not report results related to health care interventions using human participants and therefore it was not prospectively registered.

290 The impact of ‘the medication non-adherence’ in patients with cardiovascular disease: causes, outcomes, and interventions. Review of the literature

Aims The adherence of the pharmacological prescriptions, for patients affected by cardiovascular chronic diseases is one of the most difficult challenges and it’s very important for the clinical efficiency of the therapy. A weak medication adherence or the non-adherence is associated with an increase in health care interventions, an increase in mortality and morbidity, and they can negatively affect the citizens and the sustainability health care system. It’s very important to pay attention to this adhesion and it is a discussed topic in the cardiovascular field. Identify the causes of medication weak adherence and/or medication non-adherence used in cardiovascular diseases and determine the resulting unfavorable clinical outcomes and possible solutions to reduce this phenomenon. Methods and results A systematic search was carried out using databases such as PUBMED and CINAHL. The inclusion criteria established, so that an article could be used, was the relevance to the topic. From the studies analyzed for the preparation of the review, it is clear that the main causes of weak adherence and/or non-adherence to drug are the long duration of the therapies, the patient’s age, and the complexity of the therapy. All this leads to unfavorable outcomes for the patient, thus determining an increase in the number of outpatient visits with the risk of hospitalization or re-hospitalization, up to an increase in mortality and/or morbidity. Conclusions The medication weak adherence or the medication non-adherence is a crucial element in the cardiovascular field that requires intervention to reduce adverse outcomes. The methods to reduce this phenomenon include health education, the interaction between patient and professionals, medical deprescribing, and the use of electronic control devices which, in recent years, have proved to be perfect allies in adherence.

Ethical Arguments for Providing Access to Mental Health Care through Longitudinal Relationships

A focus on access to mental health care is critical for beneficent and just care of individuals experiencing homelessness. The delivery of this care is strengthened through building longitudinal relationships between clinicians and persons experiencing homelessness—relationships that are best understood, perhaps, through the lens of attachment theory. In this paper, we look at the prevalence of mental illness among individuals experiencing homelessness and the history of deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill. We then evaluate how three modern-day interventions—street medicine, community health clinics, and supportive housing programs—play integral roles in providing mental health care and constructing a trusting relationship. We conclude with a call for increased funding to support the expansion of these essential mental health care interventions, especially in the aftermath of COVID-19.

Personal, Social, and Environmental Processes

This section details the personal, social, and environmental processes of hospice care. It looks at every dimension of assessment and process of care for situations concerning abuse in the home and advance care planning and directives for health-care interventions. Moreover, the section deals with changes in body image and family dynamics and the loss of independence. It considers life closure and situations when the patient has a need to complete certain tasks before death. It also discusses misuse and abuse of controlled substances and the role of cultural differences in hospice care. Finally, this section studies situations concerning denial; grief reactions; living environment, finances, and support systems; basic home safety; and suicide prevention.

Ethnic Differences in Attending a Tertiary Dementia Clinic in Israel

Introduction: Variations in lifestyle, socioeconomic status and general health likely account for differences in dementia disparities across racial groups. Our aim was to evaluate the characteristics of Arab (AS) and Jewish (JS) subjects attending a tertiary dementia clinic in Israel.Methods: Retrospective data regarding subjects attending the Cognitive Neurology Institute at Rambam Health Care Campus between April 1, 2010, and April 31, 2016, for complaints of cognitive decline were collected from the institutional registry. AS and consecutive JS, aged ≥50 years without a previous history of structural brain disease, were included.Results: The records of 6,175 visits were found; 3,246 subjects were ≥50 years at the initial visit. One hundred and ninety-nine AS and consecutive JS cases were reviewed. Mean age at first visit was 68.4 ± 8.8 for AS and 74.3 for JS (p &lt; 0.0001). Mean education was 7.7 ± 4.8 years for AS and 11.3 years for JS (p &lt; 0.0001). Mean duration of cognitive complaints prior to first visit did not differ between the groups. Initial complaints of both ethnicities were failing memory (97%) and behavioral changes (59%). Functional impairment was reported by 59% of AS and 45% of JS (p = 0.005). MMSE on first evaluation was 19.2 ± 7 for AS and 23.1 ± 5.9 for JS; p = 0.001. Alzheimer's disease was diagnosed in 32% AS and 23% JS, mild cognitive impairment in 12% AS and 21% JS. Normal cognition was diagnosed in 2% AS and 9% JS; p = 0.0001.Conclusions: Compared to JS, AS attend a tertiary clinic when their cognitive impairment already affects their functional abilities providing a comprehensive benchmark for social health care interventions to reduce disparities.

Participation in community-based health care interventions (CBHIs) and its association with hypertension awareness, control and treatment in Indonesia

Background Little attention has been paid to whether CBHIs improve awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in the contexts of low- and middle- income countries (LMICs). This study therefore aims to examine participation in CBHIs for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and its association with awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among Indonesians. Methods This study used data from the 2014 Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS), drawn from 30,351 respondents aged 18 years and older. Participation in CBHIs was measured by respondents’ participation in CBHIs for NCDs (Posbindu PTM and Posbindu Lansia) during the 12 months prior to the survey. Logistic regressions were used to identify the relationships between participation in CBHIs for NCDs and awareness, treatment, and control of blood pressure among respondents with hypertension. Results The age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was 31.2% and 29.2% in urban and rural areas, respectively. The overall age-adjusted prevalence was 30.2%. Approximately 41.8% of respondents with hypertension were aware of their condition, and only 6.6% of respondents were receiving treatment. Participation in CBHIs for NCDs was associated with 50% higher odds of being aware and 118% higher odds of receiving treatment among adults with hypertension. There was no significant association between participation in CBHIs for NCDs and controlled hypertension. Conclusion Our data emphasise the importance of CBHIs for NCDs to improve the awareness and treatment of hypertension in the Indonesian population.