Volume Change Measurements of Filled Rubber Vulcanizates under Stretching

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1025-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Shinomura ◽  
M. Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Volume Change ◽  
Critical Strain ◽  
Curing Time ◽  
Volume Increase ◽  
The Real ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Strain Pattern ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Vulcanizate

Abstract The stretching dilatometer of our own design was manufactured, and, using it, we investigated the effects of the types of fillers, the amount of fillers, and the curing time on the volume change phenomena of filled rubber vulcanizates under elongation. It was found that the Δυ/σr (the volume increase induced by the strain divided by the real stress) as a function of γ (the strain) pattern of carbon black loaded rubber vulcanizates was greatly different from that of a whitetex loaded rubber vulcanizate. This phenomenon was explained in the viewpoint of the superposition of the first type and the second type cavitations which had been mentioned in the previous paper. It was found that the critical strain γ0 is dependent upon the carbon black structures, and that the γ0 value decreases while the Δυ value increases with the amount of carbon blacks. It was also found that the Δυ value increases while the Δυ/σr value decreases with curing.

Filler-Elastomer Interactions. Part VIII. The Role of the Distance between Filler Aggregates in the Dynamic Properties of Filled Vulcanizates

1993 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Jiao Wang ◽  
Siegfried Wolff ◽  
Ewe-Hong Tan
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Inverse Gas Chromatography ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Random Packing ◽  
Attractive Potential ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Tan Δ

Abstract Based on the concepts of the occlusion of rubber and random packing of spheres whose volume is equivalent to that permeated by individual aggregates, an equation was deduced to estimate the distance between carbon-black aggregates in filled rubber. It was found that when the interaggregate distance reaches a critical point which is approximately identical for all carbon blacks investigated (furnace blacks), the elastic modulus measured at very low strain deviates from the modified Guth-Gold equation. Tan δ and resilience are mainly determined by the distance between aggregates. These phenomena are related to filler networking which is determined by the attractive potential and the distance between individual aggregates. Since the factor Sf, used to characterize the strength of secondary filler networks in hydrocarbon rubbers and measured by means of inverse gas chromatography, is approximately the same for all furnace blacks, the interaggregate distance seems to determine filler networking. A comparison of fillers with different Sf (graphitized vs. nongraphitized carbon blacks, carbon black vs. silica) shows that at the same interaggregate distance, a lower Sf leads to higher tan δ of the filled vulcanizates.

Fraction Scaling and Dynamical Properties of Elastomer Materials

2007 ◽  
Vol 555 ◽  
pp. 467-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.B. Plavšić ◽  
Iva Pajić-Lijaković
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Imaginary Part ◽  
Active Carbon ◽  
Complete Agreement ◽  
Dynamic Moduli ◽  
The Real ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Dynamical Properties ◽  
Rouse Theory ◽  
Active Carbon Black

Scaling of the real and the imaginary part of dynamic moduli with frequency, for fully cured elastomer materials as gum and active carbon black filled butyl rubbers, is considered experimentally and theoretically. For gum rubber in different ranges of frequency complete agreement with G''-scaling predicted by the Rouse theory is obtained. Obtained slopes for all G' and G'' of filled rubber are much lower.

DISCUSSION ABOUT THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF CARBON BLACK FILLED RUBBER

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junping Song ◽  
Lianxiang Ma ◽  
Yan He ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Shi-Chune Yao
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Filled Rubber

Studies on dynamic creep of carbon black-filled rubber vulcanizates.

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 448-458
Author(s):  
Kunihiko FUJIMOTO ◽  
Tatsuhiko HATAKEYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Creep

STUDY ON NANOMORPHOLOGY OF HIGH-STRUCTURE CARBON BLACK AND ITS BOUND RUBBER BY AFM

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 1250003
Author(s):  
JIAN CHEN ◽  
YONGZHONG JIN ◽  
JINGYU ZHANG ◽  
YAFENG WU ◽  
CHUNCAI MENG
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Cluster Structure ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
High Structure

Bound rubber in carbon black (CB) filled rubber (natural rubber (NR) and styrene–butadiene rubber (SBS)) was prepared by the solvent method. The nanomorphology of CB and rubber/CB soluble rubber was observed by atomic force microscope. The results show that high-structure CB DZ13 has a "grape cluster" structure which consists of many original particles with the grain size of about 30–50 nm. Graphitizing process of CB decreases the amount of bound rubber. The NR/DZ13 soluble rubber with island–rim structure has been obtained, where the islands are DZ13 particles and the rims around the islands are occupied by NR film. But when the graphitized DZ13 particles were used as fillers of rubber, we have only observed that some graphitized DZ13 particles were deposited on the surface of the globular-like NR molecular chains, instead of the spreading of NR molecular chains along the surface of DZ13 particles, indicating that graphitized DZ13 has lower chemical activity than ungraphitized DZ13. Especially, we have already observed an interesting unusual bound rubber phenomenon, the blocked "bracelet" structure with the diameter of about 600 nm in which CB particles were blocked in ring-shaped SBS monomer.

States of Carbon Black Dispersion and Extensibility of Rubbers

1993 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asahiro Ahagon
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Tensile Property ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Hydrodynamic Effect ◽  
Property Variation ◽  
Agglomerate Size ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
Confined Polymer ◽  
Carbon Black Dispersion

Abstract Analysis is made for the origin of the mixing-induced tensile property variation of a filled rubber. Attention is paid to the hydrodynamic effect f(ϕe) of the filler, defined here as the factor to adjust the deviation of 100% modulus from the theory of rubber elasticity. For the rubbers mixed under variety of conditions, the f(ϕe)'s are calculated from the observed values of the modulus, at 25°C and 100°C, and the crosslink density. The variation of the f(ϕe) is considered to be governed by the mobility of the polymer confined in agglomerates of the filler. The mobility variation due to mixing seems to be mainly influenced by agglomerate size at 25°C, and by agglomerate size and chemical constraints at 100°C. Therefore, the f(ϕe)'s at the two temperatures are suggested to be useful measures of the state of carbon-black micro-dispersion. The extensibility of the rubbers is closely related f(ϕe). This indicates that the failure property is also governed by the mobility of the confined polymer.

A Carbon Black Structure-Concentration Equivalence Principle. Application to Stress-Strain Relationships of Filled Rubbers

1971 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Primary Structure ◽  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Surface Chemical ◽  
Deformation Structure ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Filled Rubbers ◽  
Dependent Factor

Abstract It is shown that various modulus values of carbon black reinforced rubber are functions of the product of the actual black loading and a structure dependent factor. The structure factor appears to be a linear function of the so-called 24M4 value of the dibutylphthalate absorption and is independent of elongation, temperature, and degree of cross-linking over the ranges covered by the data reported. An interpretation of the results is offered based on the idea of polymer occluded in the interstices of primary structure aggregates and thereby shielded from deformation. Structure-concentration equivalence can only be demonstrated with carbon blacks differing in (primary) structure alone. Deviations are observed whenever the carbon blacks compared vary significantly in specific surface area and surface chemical activity.

Longitudinal Cracking in a Carbon Black Filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizate during Chemical Stress Relaxation

1998 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Hamed ◽  
J. Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Longitudinal Crack ◽  
Chemical Stress ◽  
Loading Direction ◽  
Rubber Vulcanizate ◽  
Edge Cracks ◽  
Forced Air ◽  
Oxidative Attack

Abstract Thin specimens of a black-filled, natural rubber vulcanizate have been held in uniaxial tension at 72°C and 200% elongation in a forced air oven. After substantial oxidative attack (inferred from stress relaxation), small edge cracks formed. Initially, these cracks grew perpendicular to the loading direction, but, upon reaching about 0.1 mm in depth, longitudinal crack growth commenced and fracture progressed by a kind of 0°-peel process with “splitting-off” of successive strands of rubber. This phenomenon is attributed to anisotropy in strength caused both by straining and by oxidative attack.

PERMEABILITY STUDIES: III. SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENTS OF CARBON BLACKS

1948 ◽  
Vol 26a (2) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Arnell ◽  
G. O. Henneberry
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Satisfactory Agreement ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Permeability Studies ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption Isotherms

The modified Kozeny equation has been found to be satisfactory for the measurement of the specific surfaces of carbon blacks having average particle diameters ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 μ to within ±10%. Comparative data were obtained from electron microscope counting and from low temperature nitrogen adsorption isotherms. The three methods examined gave results that were in satisfactory agreement, except when the carbon black was porous, and then the adsorption value was extremely large.

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