Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Monoölefins to Diolefins. Source Materials for Synthetic Rubber and Resins

1940 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-538
Author(s):  
Aristid V. Grosse ◽  
Jacque C. Morrell ◽  
Julian M. Mavity
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Metallic Sodium ◽  
Catalytic Dehydrogenation ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gases ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
The One

Abstract Aside from the scientific value of the method described here for the catalytic dehydrogenation of monoölefins to diolefins, the present contribution has an important industrial, commercial, and military value, viz., as an economic source of raw material for synthetic rubber. The production of butenes from butanes and pentenes from pentanes has already been described. The present paper, showing the production of butadiene from butenes and isoprene from pentenes, is the connecting link between the billions of cubic feet of butanes present in natural and cracked gases and of butenes present in the latter, and the billions of gallons of pentanes available in natural gasoline and crude oil on the one hand, and the production of synthetic rubber from these raw materials on the other. The basic raw materials for the production of synthetic rubber therefore now include our tremendous resources of hydrocarbon oils, hydrocarbon gases, and coal to produce synthetic hydrocarbons, if and when our petroleum resources become exhausted. The production of synthetic rubber from butadiene and isoprene is well known. Wallach exposed isoprene to light and produced synthetic rubber. Matthews and Harries independently used metallic sodium to polymerize isoprene to rubber. Similar work has also been done bv others.

PROPERTIES OF BOILER FUEL COMPOUNDED BY NARROW FUEL FRACTIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
K. Shevchenko ◽  
A. Grigorov ◽  
I. Sinkevich
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Boiler Fuel ◽  
Performance Properties ◽  
Lower Heat ◽  
The One

In order to improve the performance properties, in particular viscosity-temperature, of boiler fuel, it is proposed to combine them with narrow fuel fractions obtained by thermal destruction of secondary polymer raw materials (low pressure polyethylene and polypropylene). When compounding grade 100 fuel oil with narrow fuel fractions, the values ​​of density are reduced to 865 (873) kg / m3, conditional viscosity to 2.50 (2.63) deg. um., pour point up to 8 (13) °C), sulfur content up to 0.17 wt%. and the lower heat of combustion increases to 43606 (43850) kJ / kg. At the same time, there is a gradual decrease in the value of the flash point to 114 (127) °C. This reduction is a negative point, which leads to increased fire safety of fuel oil during its use, storage, pumping and transport. However, the values of the flash point, according to the requirements of regulatory documentation, are within acceptable limits. That is, the value of this indicator can limit the content of fuel oil in narrow fuel fractions. It is determined that the rational concentration of narrow fuel fractions in the composition of fuel oil grade 100, is within 30% of the mass. Within these limits, there is a permissible decrease in flash point values – an indicator that characterizes the fire hazard of fuel oil during its use, storage, pumping and transportation against the background of improving other performance properties of fuel oil. The production of the proposed compound boiler fuel on the one hand allows to expand the raw material base of the process by involving in the production process secondary polymer raw materials – solid waste subject to mandatory disposal, on the other – to meet existing demand for boiler fuel by increasing its production.

scholarly journals Personal adornments from the Eneolithic necropolis of Chirnogi-Suvita Iorgulescu (Romania):

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 398-413
Author(s):  
Monica Margarit ◽  
Madalina Dimache
Keyword(s):  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Technological Transformation ◽  
Perforated Plates ◽  
Use Wear ◽  
High Terrace ◽  
The One ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Over Time

The Necropolis of Chirnogi – Suvita Iorgulescu (Calarasi county) was located on the high terrace of the Danube and was investigated by Done Serba˘nescu (in 1989) by means of the archaeological excavations carried out for the construction of the Danube-Bucharest Channel. For this study, we analysed the archaeological assemblage preserved in the Museum of Gumelnita civilization from Oltenita (Calarasi county) coming from 10 graves, out of a total of 58, which are attributed to the Gumelnita culture (the second half of the 5th millennium BC). The personal adornments are mainly bracelets made of Spondylus valve (16 specimens) which appear in most of the graves, along with an equal number of perforated plates made of Sus scrofa canine, this time the pieces being grouped into two graves. The funeral inventory is complemented by small cylindrical, tubular or biconvex beads, made of various raw materials: Spondylus valve, bone, malachite, cooper and green slate. At the technical level, attention is drawn towards the technological transformation scheme of the raw material, which is extremely uniform for the two main categories of ornaments. Also, the analysed pieces showed different degrees of use-wear, demonstrating on the one hand that they were worn before the deposition in graves, and on the other that the accumulationof these items took place over time.

Technology for the production of carbon nanomaterials by pyrolysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-108
Author(s):  
O. A. Kolenchukov ◽  
E. A. Petrovsky ◽  
N. A. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Waste Oil ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gases ◽  
Associated Petroleum Gas ◽  
Associated Gas ◽  
Pyrolysis Method ◽  
Processing Petroleum

The processes of oil production and preparation involve the formation of a mixture of various hydrocarbon gases, otherwise called associated petroleum gas. Today most of associated petroleum gas produced is burned, causing damage to the natural environment, or used as an energy supply for technological equipment. At the same time, associated petroleum gas can be used as a valuable raw material to produce various chemicals. In the article, the existing methods of APG utilization are considered, and the relatively simplest and most environmentally friendly pyrolysis method is proposed. A comparative analysis of the methods of mixing raw materials was carried out, as a result of which it was revealed that the mechanical and vibration methods are considered the most rational. An experimental installation for processing petroleum associated gas by pyrolysis is presented. The results of experimental studies of the production of carbon fiber nanomaterials and hydrogen are presented. Gas (CH4) obtained by utilization of hydrocarbon-containing waste (oil sludge) was used as a feedstock. The average yield of the target products was 81 l/h for hydrogen and 325.5 g/h for nanofiber carbon.

Staining Natural Rubber with Silver Nitrate for Electron Microscopy

1977 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 835-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Smith ◽  
V. L. Folt
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
World War ◽  
The One

Abstract Hevea brasiliensis or natural rubber (NR) has been used for over 500 years. Until World War II, it was the basic raw material of the rubber industry. Since that time, the use of synthetic polymers has steadily increased, but the importance of NR has not diminished. In fact, the future for the natural product is very promising since it is the one polymer that is obtainable without depleting fossil fuel raw materials. Natural rubber latex has been extensively studied by a variety of methods, especially the microscope. All of the early work with NR latex was conducted, of course, with the optical microscope. In the late 1940's the electron microscope began to be used, but at that time synthetic rubbers began to demand attention, and work on NR latex diminished. Perhaps investigators felt they knew all there was to know about the microscopical characteristics of this material. Indeed, some very fine work had been done and keen observations made with optical microscopes that could not even resolve all of the particles in a latex material. This paper deals with the electron microscopy of natural rubber latexes with particular attention to the proteinaceous layer on the particle and the fate of particles during varying stages of mastication. The critical technique used was to stain the proteinaceous layer of the latex particle with silver nitrate.

Oil-Extended Rubbers

1961 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1402-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. Storey
Keyword(s):  
Lower Cost ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Extension Principle ◽  
Material Incentive ◽  
Solid Materials ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Inorganic Fillers ◽  
Do So

Abstract One hesitates to close this review by adding a paragraph of conclusions. The term “oil-extension principle” introduced a new concept to the manufacturer of synthetic rubbers. The principle (if it may be identified by such a word) and the application of the products it generated do not involve any novel or unfamiliar approaches to the art of rubber compounding. Indeed, it would be rendering a disservice to the progress of their adoption by industry to suggest that it required a revision in the viewpoint of the rubber compounder. The use of softeners in compounding was almost coincidental with the discovery of rubberlike substances by the explorers of the 16th century. The development of carbon blacks having more useful characteristics in rubber came after the compounder had become familiar with the application of innumerable inorganic fillers in rubber and, indeed, soots and lampblacks. The tailor-made synthetic rubbers were developed by the chemical industry in the second-quarter of the 20th century and it is scarcely likely that higher molecular weight types would not be produced nor that any inherent processing problems would not be solved when there existed an economic and raw material incentive to do so. These are the contributions of the polymerization chemists and the synthetic rubber industry. Where it is more economically-attractive and technically-desirable to add softener and filler to the synthetic rubber in the manufacturing process, oil-extended rubbers and filler masterbatches will be provided as raw materials for the rubber industry. If on the other hand, these ingredients may be added quite readily during factory mixing operations, without any detrimental effects on the polymer quality, the synthetic rubber producer would be quite unwise to attempt to usurp the functions of the rubber manufacturer. The income of the rubber manufacturer, depends upon the skill and economy that he applies to the operation of mixing rubber with liquid and solid materials and this is the prime occupation of a rubber compounder. It would avail the synthetic rubber producer nothing to try and convince the compounder that he is doing something novel and unusual by preparing softener-filler masterbatches. However, the compounder will be receptive to a pre-blended product that enables him to produce rubber mixes of better or different quality at an equal, or lower, cost. This is the aim and accomplishment of oil-extended rubbers.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZE, UPGRADE OR INVEST IN A NOVEL DRYER? – A BRICK FACTORY CASE STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-70
Author(s):  
Miloš R. Vasić ◽  
◽  
Milica V. Vasić ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Tunnel Dryer ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
The One ◽  
Industrial Level ◽  
Energy Balances

Drying has an enormous impact on the quality of final masonry clay elements. The accumulated knowledge about modeling the drying process, as well as the registered progress in computing the coupling between the heat and mass transfer during the last decade has reached the applicative industrial level. The available novel commercial drying solutions have dropped the drying cycle to 5 hours for hollow clay products and up to 9 hours for clay blocks of large size and weight. The ability to speed up the drying process also strongly depends on the properties of the raw materials. The decision on optimization of the existing dryer and its upgrade or investment in a novel drying facility must be experimentally validated. Results of the one-month monitoring and analysis of the production process in one Serbian brick factory including the material and energy balances are given in this paper. Based on the collected data, raw material limitations and costs of the novel dryer the existing tunnel dryer upgrade and the minimization of the "false" ambient air into the dryer are proposed.

scholarly journals Personal adornments from the Eneolithic necropolis of Chirnogi-Suvita Iorgulescu (Romania):

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 398-413
Author(s):  
Monica Margarit ◽  
Madalina Dimache
Keyword(s):  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Technological Transformation ◽  
Perforated Plates ◽  
Use Wear ◽  
High Terrace ◽  
The One ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Over Time

The Necropolis of Chirnogi – Suvita Iorgulescu (Calarasi county) was located on the high terrace of the Danube and was investigated by Done Serba˘nescu (in 1989) by means of the archaeological excavations carried out for the construction of the Danube-Bucharest Channel. For this study, we analysed the archaeological assemblage preserved in the Museum of Gumelnita civilization from Oltenita (Calarasi county) coming from 10 graves, out of a total of 58, which are attributed to the Gumelnita culture (the second half of the 5th millennium BC). The personal adornments are mainly bracelets made of Spondylus valve (16 specimens) which appear in most of the graves, along with an equal number of perforated plates made of Sus scrofa canine, this time the pieces being grouped into two graves. The funeral inventory is complemented by small cylindrical, tubular or biconvex beads, made of various raw materials: Spondylus valve, bone, malachite, cooper and green slate. At the technical level, attention is drawn towards the technological transformation scheme of the raw material, which is extremely uniform for the two main categories of ornaments. Also, the analysed pieces showed different degrees of use-wear, demonstrating on the one hand that they were worn before the deposition in graves, and on the other that the accumulationof these items took place over time.

scholarly journals A Logistics Management System for a Biomass-to-Energy Production Plant Storage Park

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5512
Author(s):  
Leonel J.R. Nunes ◽  
Jorge T. Pereira da Costa ◽  
Radu Godina ◽  
João C.O. Matias ◽  
João P.S. Catalão
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Production Unit ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Profit Margins ◽  
Biomass Storage ◽  
Logistics Management System ◽  
The One

The biomass industry is growing due to the current search for greener and more sustainable alternatives to fossil energy sources. However, this industry, due to its singularity, presents several challenges and disadvantages related to the transportation of raw materials, with the large volumes that are usually involved. This project aimed to address this internal logistics situation in torrefied biomass pellets production with two different biomass storage parks, located in Portugal. The main park receives raw material coming directly from the source and stores it in large amounts as a backup and strategic storage park. The second park, with smaller dimensions, precedes the production unit and must be stocked daily. Therefore, a fleet of transport units with self-unloading cranes is required to help to unload the biomass at the main park and transport the raw material from this park to the one preceding the production unit. Thus, the main goal was to determine the dimensions of the fleet used in internal transportation operations to minimize the idle time of the transport units using a methodology already in use in the mining and quarrying industry. This methodology was analyzed and adapted to the situation presented here. The implementation of this study allows the elimination of unnecessary costs in an industry where the profit margins are low.

scholarly journals Provenance of archaeological wool textiles: new case studies

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin M. Frei
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Basement Rocks ◽  
New Information ◽  
The One ◽  
Musk Ox

In the last two decades, measurements of strontium (Sr) isotopes in archaeological bone tissues/skeletons have shown to be an effective technique for the characterisation of human and animal mobility in prehistory. More recently, this tracing system is also being applied to the investigation of archaeological textile’s provenance. The importance of ancient textiles has been often underestimated, however research of archaeological textiles is currently experiencing an extremely increasing interest as the development of new methodologies, conducting experimental studies and lancing of new projects are providing an unreached amount of new information, knowledge and impressive data sets which together build the basis of novel thinking and interpretations. This manuscript aims at summarising two of the most recently developed methods that focus on the extraction of Sr from ancient non-dyed and organic-dyed wool threads from archaeological textiles in an attempt to identify if the raw materials are local or non-local to the sites. In particular, this study presents two case studies which rely on the use of these chemical protocols. The first example deals with a wool/fur sample from a modern Greenlandic Musk ox. The purpose of this study is to characterise wool from an exotic animal on the one side, and to try to establish a link between this wool and a geologically-seen ancient and very special terrain (Archaean basement rocks from the Kangerlussuaq area of Western Greenland) on which this musk ox was grazing. Our interest was focused on whether the bioavailable Sr fraction from this terrain impacted on the composition of the wool from the animal. The second case study deals with three thread samples from four ancient wool textile pieces recovered from one and the same pre-Roman Iron Age peat bog site at Krogens Mølle (Denmark). Some of these textiles have proven to be dyed with organic dyestuffs. This study therefore aimed at applying a novel pre-cleaning methodology developed for dyed (by organic dyestuffs) wool threads from ancient textiles. The outcome of these two particular studies revealed both the potential of these novel methodologies for retrieving the original Sr isotope signature of the raw material wool, and their limitations.

scholarly journals Hydration and Strength Development of Cementitious Materials Prepared with Phosphorous-Bearing Clinkers

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 508
Author(s):  
Lilan Xie ◽  
Min Deng ◽  
Jinhui Tang ◽  
Kaiwei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
Hydration Reaction ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Hydration Kinetics ◽  
Cement Pastes ◽  
The One

To rationally use low-grade phosphorous limestone as the raw materials for cement production, the influence of phosphorous introduced by fluorapatite during the clinker calcination process on the mechanical properties of cementitious materials is investigated. Hydration kinetics, phase evolutions, and microstructure of cement pastes have been studied by using calorimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the mechanical properties of cementitious materials can be slightly improved due to the mineralization effect of the small amount of phosphorous in the clinker and significantly decreased with an increase of phosphorous. High content of phosphorous will reduce the content of C3S and make the formation of α′-C2S-xC3P(x: 0–0.05), whose hydration reactivity is rather lower, such that on the one hand less-hydrated products, such as calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, can be obtained, and on the other hand, the hydration reaction will be slowed by severely prolonging the induction period. Interestingly, small particles can be observed on the surface of hydration products, but no new phase can be detected by XRD. When the content of P2O5 is 2.0%, the cement can meet the requirements of P·II 42.5 cement in China. Hopefully, this can provide significant guidance for the use of cement prepared by fluorapatite as raw material.

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