Infrared Studies of Oxygen-Containing Groups on the Surface of Carbon Black

1972 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Studebaker ◽  
R. W. Rinehart
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Aromatic Ring ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Infrared Study ◽  
Ring Type ◽  
Infrared Studies

Abstract Results of this infrared study give strong qualitative support for the presence of quinones and support the presence of lactones. Considerable chemical reactivity is associated with the presence of these two groups. Absorption typical of phenols and ethers was obtained in the 1205–1195 cm−1 and 1275-1265 cm−1 regions; and it is suggested by this study that the oxygen not present in quinone, lactone, or phenolic form is present as aromatic ring-type ether groups.

Reinforcement of Butyl with Carbon Black. II. Thermally vs. Chemically Oxidized Blacks

1964 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1034-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Gessler
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Stress Strain Curve ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Carbon Particles ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Oxygen Functionality

Abstract The effect of oxidized blacks on the stress-strain properties and bound-rubber content of butyl and SBR was discussed in the preceding paper. Oxidized blacks, when compared with similar untreated blacks, were shown to have a greatly increased reinforcing capacity in butyl. Oxygen functionality on carbon black, it was therefore concluded, is essential in butyl to produce the chemical reactivity which is required between polymer and black if high-order reinforcement is to be obtained. Oxygen functionality on carbon black, it was also demonstrated, is not only not required for enhanced reinforcement in SBR, but it is in fact a deterrent, because it exerts severe restraining effects on the cure of the resulting vulcanizates as well. These interesting results were proposed to provide qualitative but convincing evidence that carbon-polymer bonding, which we believe is requisite to reinforcement, is achieved by different mechanisms in butyl and SBR. In butyl, the unique sensitivity of the stress-strain curve to reinforcing effects was used to speculate on the disposition of carbon blacks in “filled” and reinforced vulcanizates, respectively. With oxidized blacks, reinforcement effects were pictured as stiffening effects which, starting with the gum vulcanizates, caused the stress-strain curve to be shifted without intrinsic changes in its shape. The resulting “reinforced gum,” it was suggested, derived its physical characteristics from the fact that carbon black was included in the vulcanized rubber network. With untreated blacks, in “filled” systems, carbon black was pictured as being enmeshed or entangled in an independently formed vulcanized rubber network. The stiffening effects in this case were attributed to viscous contributions arising from steric restrictions which the occluded carbon particles were thought to impose on both initial movements and the subsequent orientation of network chains when the sample was extended.

Degradation of wood constituents during the self-agglomeration of an oak sawdust. II. Infrared study of two lignins

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1893-1902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry P. Naveau
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Ring ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
The Self ◽  
Infrared Spectrophotometry ◽  
Infrared Study

Structural changes in lignins isolated from particle-boards are studied by infrared spectrophotometry, in relation to an endothermic trend which characterizes the self-agglomeration process.Changes in intensity of various infrared bands are reported and are attributed to the following: (a) variation in the nature and distribution of substituents of the aromatic ring and conjugation of the aromatic ring with carbonyl C=O or C=C, which indicate an increasing state of condensation of the lignin, (b) simultaneous division of the macromolecule of lignin, partially caused by breakage of ether linkages between its lateral chains, (c) cleavage of bonds between lignin and carbohydrate material, and (d) insolubilization, with the acid lignin, of an increasing amount of carbohydrate material which is also increasingly condensed.The origin of the endothermic trend cannot be explained in terms of these reactions of lignin.

scholarly journals Effects of carbon nano-additives on characteristics of TiC ceramics prepared by field-assisted sintering

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-68
Author(s):  
Shapour Jafargholinejad ◽  
Soheyl Soleymani
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Carbon Doped ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Fine Particle Size ◽  
Spark Plasma ◽  
Carbon Precipitation ◽  
Nano Additives ◽  
Field Assisted Sintering

Five carbonaceous nano-additives (graphite, graphene, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, and diamond) had different impacts on the sinterability, microstructural evolution, and properties of titanium carbide. In this research, the sintering by spark plasma was employed to produce the monolithic TiC and carbon-doped ceramics under the sintering parameters of 1900 ºC, 10 min, 40 MPa. The carbon black additive had the best performance in densifying the TiC, thanks to its fine particle size, as well as its high chemical reactivity with TiO2 surface oxide. By contrast, the incorporation of nano-diamonds resulted in a considerable decline in the relative density of TiC owing to the graphitization phenomenon, together with the gas production at high temperatures. Although carbon precipitation from the TiC matrix occurred in all samples, some of the added carbonaceous phases promoted this phenomenon, while the others hindered it to some extent. Amongst the introduced additives, carbon black had the most contribution to grain refining, so that a roughly halved average grain size was attained in comparison with the undoped specimen. The highest values of hardness (3233 HV0.1 kg), thermal conductivity (25.1 W/mK), and flexural strength (658 MPa) secured for the ceramic incorporated by 5 wt% nano carbon black.

Reflectance Infrared Study of the Oxidation of Stainless Steels and Component Metals

CORROSION ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 359-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. P. MERTENS
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Oxide Films ◽  
Molybdenum Oxides ◽  
Infrared Study ◽  
316 Stainless Steel ◽  
Infrared Studies ◽  
Iron Nickel ◽  
Compositional Changes ◽  
Oxide Spinels

Abstract Reflectance infrared studies of the oxidation of Types 304, 316, and 410 stainless steels, in oxygen at various temperatures, are described. Similar studies, directed toward the interpretation of the stainless steel oxide reflectance spectra, are presented for iron, nickel, molybdenum, and chromium. The value of the technique in providing a record of oxide compositional changes with time and temperature is demonstrated. It was concluded that Fe2O3 is the dominant constituent of oxide films formed on the three stainless steels at 400 to 500 C. At 850 C, chromia-iron oxide spinels, Fe2O3 and Cr2O3 were observed on Types 304 and 316 stainless steel, while chromia rich spinels or Cr2O3 formed on Type 410 stainless steel. Appreciable concentrations of nickel oxide on Types 304 and 316 stainless steel or molybdenum oxides on Type 316 stainless steel were not detected at temperatures up to 850 C. The formation of minor oxide constituents in both the stainless steel and component metal oxide films is discussed.

Some Infrared Studies on the Vulcanization of Rubber

1946 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Sheppard ◽  
G. B. B. M. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Physical Methods ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Molecular Scale ◽  
Infrared Studies ◽  
Preliminary Account ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract The two most effective ways of altering the physical and mechanical properties of natural rubber are vulcanization and the addition of carbon black. There is, however, little understanding of the structural changes brought about by these processes, in spite of extensive research by chemical and physical methods. For instance, in vulcanization it is not yet decided how the sulfur atoms are incorporated in the rubber polymer, what proportion are in bridges formed between the isoprene chains, whether such bridges are formed by —C—S—S—C— or —C—S—C— links, whether one double bond is broken for each sulfur atom incorporated, and so on. An ancillary problem is the effect of certain “accelerators” on the speed of vulcanization, about which even less is known. Again in the case of reinforcement of rubber by materials such as carbon black, there is controversy on the structural relationship of the carbon black and the rubber. Until such structural problems have been solved on the molecular scale there is little hope of controlling the macroscopic properties of rubber compounds in a truly scientific manner. This paper gives a preliminary account of the application of infrared spectroscopy to some of these problems.

Infrared studies of oxygen-containing groups on the surface of carbon black

Carbon ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 328
Author(s):  
M.L. Studebaker ◽  
R.W. Rinehart
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Infrared Studies

Infrared Studies of Cyclohexylamine

1972 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 1006-1014
Author(s):  
Jo-Yun T Chen ◽  
John H Gould
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Physical State ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Crystalline Solid ◽  
Infrared Studies ◽  
Axial Form ◽  
Derivatives Of

Abstract The IR spectral data suggest strongly that cyclohexylamine exists as 2 conformers in dynamic equilibrium: an equatorial and an axial form. In the liquid state, under standard conditions, these 2 conformers appear to be present in about equal amounts, but the equilibrium shifts with changes in the physical state of the compound. In the vapor state, the equatorial form is predominant, while in the crystalline solid state at temperatures below – 6°C, only the axial form was observed. This study also shows that the equatorial form is converted to the axial when the sample is subjected to high pressure. The marked chemical reactivity of cyclohexylamine results in its forming a coordinate complex with silver chloride and ammonium salts with CO2 and CS2, all spontaneously at room temperature. The IR spectra of these derivatives of cyclohexylamine are discussed.

Improved Technics for the near Infrared Study of Water Binding by Globular Proteins and Intact Tissues

1976 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ressler Ziauddin ◽  
C. Vygantas ◽  
W. Janzen ◽  
K. Karachorlu
Keyword(s):  
Methacrylic Acid ◽  
Path Length ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Globular Proteins ◽  
Absorption Cell ◽  
Infrared Study ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Water Binding ◽  
Transparent Films ◽  
Infrared Studies

Improved technics have been developed for near infrared studies of water binding to globular proteins and in intact cells or tissues. These include the construction of a cylindrical absorption cell which is of variable path length and which can be re-opened for sample dehydration or re-closed for subsequent scans. A matrix composed of copolymers of methacrylic acid and diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, along with agarose, is utilized in order to hold globular or nongelling proteins in the form of uniform, transparent films when water is removed. Corrections have been made for the scattering of light by the samples by means of a particular opal material, in conjunction with a spectrophotometer with a high intensity source. Results which have been obtained with serum albumin and with intact tissues are presented. The spectra appear to provide sufficient resolution and accuracy for analytical studies, and for the detection of differences between bulk and protein bound forms of water. As far as we are aware, spectra with water difference curves through the near infrared, of intact tissues, with comparable resolution have not previously been published.

Radiotracer Studies of Carbon Black Surface Interactions with Organic Systems. II. Use of Sulfur-35 in Initial Studies on the Reactivity of “Bound” Surface Sulfur

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 449-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Lewis ◽  
M. L. Deviney ◽  
C. F. McNabb
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Tetramethylthiuram Disulfide ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Physical Testing ◽  
Carbon Black Surface ◽  
Black Surface

Abstract A broad investigation has been undertaken, using primarily radiochemical techniques, of the reactivity of the insoluble or “bound” sulfur on the surface of carbon blacks. The carbon black samples used in this study were prepared in small pilot plant reactors from sulfur-free commercial feedstocks to which had been added, in separate experiments, sulfur-35 tagged elemental sulfur, dibenzothiophene-S-35 and dibenzyl disulfide-S-35. After careful extraction-purification of the blacks, “chemical probe” studies were undertaken to gain knowledge of the nature of the surface sulfur complexes or functional groups, using reagents such as LiAlH4, trivalent phosphorus compounds, tetramethylthiuram disulfide, and hydrogen. These experiments demonstrated that bound surface sulfur possesses a considerable amount of chemical reactivity. Experiments were next designed to determine whether or not bound surface sulfur becomes involved in vulcanization reactions by, for example, exchange with added curing sulfur or accelerator. In radiotracer studies with SBR, natural rubber, and cis-polybutadiene vulcanizates, the results demonstrated that bound surface sulfur enters into the rubber phase during vulcanization. Finally, results from preliminary rubber physical testing and practical vulcanization studies involving pilot plant blacks (2% wt. sulfur) indicate that surface sulfur has little effect upon the vulcanization or final physical properties of SBR and NR.

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