Evaluation of Tread Wear

1952 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietrich G. Stechert ◽  
Thomas D. Bolt
Keyword(s):  
Regression Line ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Rapid Turnover ◽  
The Road ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Tire Wear ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Road Testing ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The observed existence of a linear log-log relationship between nonskid loss and mileage in a great number of widely different types of tests may be exploited in order to realize substantial savings in the road testing of tires for tread wear. In many evaluations it is common practice for the Gates Rubber Co. to test tires to one half initial nonskid depth or to some arbitrary mileage only. The regression line and mileage to baldness are then determined. Of course, the greater the amount of data, and the more accurately controlled the conditions of testing, the more reliable will be the mileage to baldness. If in tread wear evaluations tests were terminated prior to baldness, about $180 could be saved for each passenger tire tested, and $490 for each truck tire, for every 10,000 miles. One investigation, to determine the effect of three different tire designs on tread wear, was made at a total cost of $2200. If all tires had been tested to baldness, the cost would have been approximately $4600. In comparison with former common practice, the application of the proposed method of analysis of tire wear measurements can result in more reliable tread wear evaluations, more economical utilization of the tire test fleet, and a more rapid turnover of ideas.

scholarly journals Joint Optimization of a Dry Port with Multilevel Location and Container Transportation: The Case of Northeast China

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Feng Pian ◽  
Qiuju Shi ◽  
Xue Yao ◽  
Huiling Zhu ◽  
Weixin Luan
Keyword(s):  
Northeast China ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Joint Optimization ◽  
Container Transportation ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The Road ◽  
Total Transportation Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Port Construction ◽  
Dry Ports

Dry port construction can reduce the cost of container transportation, and its location is the focus of existing research. Considering dry port capacity limitations and scale advantages, this study calculates the costs associated with dry port construction and operations, transportation, time, and the environment and constructs a joint optimization model of the dry port location and transportation scheme to minimize the total cost. Taking 35 prefecture-level cities in Northeast China as the source of container goods and Dalian port as the destination, this study conducts an empirical analysis using the Gurobi 9.0.2 optimizer of the AMPL software to solve the problem and takes the minimum total cost as the goal to select the best dry port and container transshipment scheme. The research draws the following conclusions. Seven dry ports also need to be built in the road-rail (RD-RL) mode, which shares 82.76% of the container transshipment volume, to reduce the total transportation cost by approximately 21.67%. Although multimodal transport through dry ports increases the time cost slightly, it can significantly reduce the economic and environmental costs of container transportation.

Correlation between Laboratory Abrasion and Road Testing

1958 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Prat
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Road ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Standard Of Comparison ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Road Testing ◽  
Abrasion Testing ◽  
Very High ◽  
Reference Mixture

Abstract In a preceding article, we expressed the hypothesis that probably no discontinuity exists between abrasion testing on the road and that on laboratory machines. The latter showed the peculiarity of being characterized by its very high severity. Let us recall briefly that the severity is expressed by the absolute wear of a reference mixture during the test considered. We were able to verify the existence of a relationship independent of the type of testing carried out, but a function of the severity of the tests, between the wear of an experimental mixture and a reference mixture. This relation manifests itself in different types of mixtures in the form of regressing lines. These are shown in Figure 1 where we have used logarithmic coordinates. The correlation coefficients calculated for different regressions are in the neighborhood of 0.93 to 0.95 and consequently very highly significant. The interpretation and use of the curves shown on the graph necessitates, however, a few remarks of importance: Firstly, it must be noted that each of the lines corresponds to a particular standard of comparison. Each of them is independent of the others. for example, for that labelled “Rubber-Resin A”, the comparison rests on the wear of this type of combination rubber-resin as a function of the wear of the mixture (natural rubber containing 28 volumes of HAF black) having served as a reference for the tests, while for the line labelled “Rubber + SAF black”, the reference mixture is a natural rubber containing 28 volumes of MPC black. It will not be necessary then, in any case to compare the curve for “Rubber-SAF Black” to that for “Rubber-Resin A”.

scholarly journals Identification and Analysis of Problems in the Implementation of Road Safety Audit in Lithuania

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-126
Author(s):  
Aja Tumavičė ◽  
Igoris Kravcovas ◽  
Vilma Jasiūnienė
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Design ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Road Safety Audit ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Road Safety Audits

Road Safety Audits have already been tightly incorporated in the road design process throughout the world. It has proven to be an effective way of increasing road safety without requiring many resources. The cost-benefit-ratios of Road Safety Audits in developed countries are rather high. In Lithuania, the procedure on Road Safety Audits is fairly new, and the direct links between different problems and their occurrence frequency throughout the years are yet to be determined. In this paper, several audits on road safety, performed between the years 2011 and 2017 by the Road Research Institute of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, is analysed. The trends of most relevant problem types identified in those audits throughout the years for different types of roads and streets are presented. Based on those trends, the causes of some common problems are being recognised. Recommendations on possible solutions are suggested.

scholarly journals The Costs of Medical Care for Covid-19 Patients: A case study in Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-195
Author(s):  
Cenk Teker ◽  
Dogancan Cavmak ◽  
Hakan Avci
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Historical Cost ◽  
Different Types ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Cost

Objective: This study aims to calculate the medical costs of Covid-19 patients for hospitals based on the severity of clinical care. Design: The study was conducted in a hospital in Istanbul/Turkey. A micro-costing approach was performed using historical cost data for one year. All direct and indirect medical inputs were determined in quantities and monetary values for four types of Covid-19 patients in the hospital. Results: The analysis calculated the unit cost of an outpatient to be 459,99 ₺, while the cost per day for inpatient to be 1.184,63 ₺, for non-intubated in intensive care unit to be 1.938,11, for intubated in the intensive unit to be 2.393,99₺. The study also indicates that the total cost of a non-intubated patient in intensive care units is 1,54 times higher than the total cost per inpatient. An intubated patient’s cost is 2,08 times higher than an inpatient’s cost. Conclusion: This study indicates that Covid-19 patients incur significantly high costs for hospitals. The findings of the study provide empirical data for different types of patients which can be used in clinical management and can help all related governing bodies to plan their actions and make the decisions

scholarly journals Total Cost of Ownership Model and Significant Cost Parameters for the Design of Electric Bus Systems

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3262
Author(s):  
Anders Grauers ◽  
Sven Borén ◽  
Oscar Enerbäck
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Total Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Significant Cost ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Electric Bus ◽  
Cost Modelling ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cost Parameters ◽  
The Cost

Without experiences of electric buses, public transport authorities and bus operators have faced questions about how to implement them in a cost-effective way. Simple cost modelling cannot show how costs for different types of electric buses differ between different routes and timetables. Tools (e.g., HASTUS, PtMS, and optibus) which can analyse such details are complicated, time consuming to use, and provide insufficient insights into the mechanisms that influence the cost. This paper therefore proposes a method for how to calculate total cost of ownership, for different types of electric buses, in a way which can predict how the cost varies based on route and timetable. The method excludes factors which cause minor cost variations in an almost random manor, in order to better show the fundamental mechanisms influencing different costs. The method will help in finding ways to reduce the cost and help to define a few cases which deserve a deep analysis with more complete tools. Testing of the method in a Swedish context showed that the results are in line with other theoretical and practical studies, and how the total cost of ownership can vary depending on the variables.

Tire-Road Interactions — Harmony or Conflict?

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-84
Author(s):  
A. R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Water Drainage ◽  
The Road ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Tire Wear

Abstract This is a summary of work by the author and his colleagues, as well as by others reported in the literature, that demonstrate a need for considering a vehicle, its tires, and the road surface as a system. The central theme is interaction at the footprint, especially that of truck tires. Individual and interactive effects of road and tires are considered under the major topics of road aggregate (macroscopic and microscopic properties), development of a novel road surface, safety, noise, rolling resistance, riding comfort, water drainage by both road and tire, development of tire tread compounds and a proving ground, and influence of tire wear on wet traction. A general conclusion is that road surfaces have both the major effect and the greater potential for improvement.

AGRICULTURAL PERIODICALS OF RUSSIA IN THE EARLY XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Agriculture Soil ◽  
Agricultural Knowledge ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Fruit Growing ◽  
Advanced Knowledge ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Upper Volga Region

The article deals with the distribution of agricultural periodicals on the territory of the Russian Em-pire in the early twentieth century. Before that there were practically no publications on the pages of sci-entific magazines. Great emphasis is placed on the analysis of agricultural magazines published before 1917 in the Upper Volga region, namely in Vladimir, Kostroma, Tver and Yaroslavl provinces. Thanks to existed in pre-revolutionary Russian periodicals on agricultural subjects advanced knowledge of agron-omy, agriculture, soil science, horticulture, fruit growing, vegetable growing, winemaking, viticulture, 135 tobacco growing, livestock, poultry, bee-keeping, veterinary medicine, forestry, and hunting, land man-agement, irrigation, horse breeding were promoted. On the basis of statistical data, office documentation and other published sources, the author draws conclusions about the degree of accessibility of agricul-tural periodicals for the population, including the peasantry. Availability of agricultural periodicals largely depended on its price, so the author studied the situation with the cost of the annual subscription fee of these publications. The article investigates the issues of periodicity of agricultural magazines and newspapers, the exact number of such publications, as well as their subject matter. Existence duration of different types of periodicals is analyzed, the main publishers of magazines and newspapers, places of their publication are revealed. A prominent place is given to the publishing activities of agricultural pub-lic organizations and zemstvo self-government bodies. It is concluded that natural process of agricultural knowledge distribution among the population of Russia through publications on the pages of periodicals was disrupted by revolutionary events of 1917.

scholarly journals Game-Theoretic Decision Support for Cyber Forensic Investigations

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5300
Author(s):  
Antonia Nisioti ◽  
George Loukas ◽  
Stefan Rass ◽  
Emmanouil Panaousis
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Bayesian Games ◽  
Bayesian Game ◽  
Cyber Forensics ◽  
Detection And Attribution ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
The Cost

The use of anti-forensic techniques is a very common practice that stealthy adversaries may deploy to minimise their traces and make the investigation of an incident harder by evading detection and attribution. In this paper, we study the interaction between a cyber forensic Investigator and a strategic Attacker using a game-theoretic framework. This is based on a Bayesian game of incomplete information played on a multi-host cyber forensics investigation graph of actions traversed by both players. The edges of the graph represent players’ actions across different hosts in a network. In alignment with the concept of Bayesian games, we define two Attacker types to represent their ability of deploying anti-forensic techniques to conceal their activities. In this way, our model allows the Investigator to identify the optimal investigating policy taking into consideration the cost and impact of the available actions, while coping with the uncertainty of the Attacker’s type and strategic decisions. To evaluate our model, we construct a realistic case study based on threat reports and data extracted from the MITRE ATT&CK STIX repository, Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS), and interviews with cyber-security practitioners. We use the case study to compare the performance of the proposed method against two other investigative methods and three different types of Attackers.

scholarly journals The Development of Patient Scheduling Groups for an Effective Appointment System

2016 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 43-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Li Huang
Keyword(s):  
Access To Care ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Urgent Care ◽  
Patient Scheduling ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Patient Type ◽  
Clinic Efficiency ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

SummaryPatient access to care and long wait times has been identified as major problems in outpatient delivery systems. These aspects impact medical staff productivity, service quality, clinic efficiency, and health-care cost.This study proposed to redesign existing patient types into scheduling groups so that the total cost of clinic flow and scheduling flexibility was minimized. The optimal scheduling group aimed to improve clinic efficiency and accessibility.The proposed approach used the simulation optimization technique and was demonstrated in a Primary Care physician clinic. Patient type included, emergency/urgent care (ER/UC), follow-up (FU), new patient (NP), office visit (OV), physical exam (PE), and well child care (WCC). One scheduling group was designed for this physician. The approach steps were to collect physician treatment time data for each patient type, form the possible scheduling groups, simulate daily clinic flow and patient appointment requests, calculate costs of clinic flow as well as appointment flexibility, and find the scheduling group that minimized the total cost.The cost of clinic flow was minimized at the scheduling group of four, an 8.3% reduction from the group of one. The four groups were: 1. WCC, 2. OV, 3. FU and ER/UC, and 4. PE and NP. The cost of flexibility was always minimized at the group of one. The total cost was minimized at the group of two. WCC was considered separate and the others were grouped together. The total cost reduction was 1.3% from the group of one.This study provided an alternative method of redesigning patient scheduling groups to address the impact on both clinic flow and appointment accessibility. Balance between them ensured the feasibility to the recognized issues of patient service and access to care. The robustness of the proposed method on the changes of clinic conditions was also discussed.

Optimum Seismic Zoning Using An Artificial Neural Network

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 1187-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime García-Pérez ◽  
René Riaño
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Seismic Design ◽  
Seismic Zoning ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Structural Types ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Artificial Neural

The Kohonen artificial neural network is employed to divide a region of known seismicity into zones. Optimum boundaries and seismic design coefficients for each zone are determined by computing the expected present value of the total cost, including the initial cost of structures and damages due to earthquakes. The region is discretized into cells containing information on seismicity and the number of structural types. Then regionalization is performed, first without considering jurisdictional limits and later including this restriction. Up to four different types of structures are considered simultaneously in the regionalization. The results are presented in maps showing both zones and corresponding seismic design coefficients.

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