scholarly journals Analysis of Natural and Synthetic Rubber by Infrared Spectroscopy

1949 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 572-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Dinsmore ◽  
Don C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Order Of Accuracy ◽  
Definite Manner ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Unique Physical Property

Abstract This report describes an investigation of the applicability of infrared spectro-scopic methods to the quantitative determination of the elastomer composition of industrial rubber products. Generally satisfactory techniques for obtaining a valid spectrum of the elastomer content of any rubber specimen have been developed and evaluated and have been applied to the development of detailed analytical procedures for the identification and qualitative analysis of elastomer mixtures, to the quantitative analysis of natural-GR-S blends, and to the determination of the nitrile content of nitrile copolymers. An accuracy corresponding to ° 1 per cent average error has been obtained in these determinations. The methods can be extended to analogous problems with a minimum of alteration, and the same order of accuracy can be expected in general. A discussion of the correlations between spectral absorption and molecular structure is also included. Infrared spectroscopy is finding increasing application as a means for the identification of organic materials and the analysis of complex mixtures. Spectroscopic methods are not only rapid and generally conservative in sample requirements, but the results are often more specific than those obtained by chemical analysis, distillation, etc., and in many cases furnish detailed structural information of importance to research and development. The advantages of infrared analysis are that : (1) the spectrum of a molecule is a unique physical property which is not altered by any changes in which molecular identity is maintained, and (2) the individual features of the spectrum relate in a definite manner to the chemical bonds comprising the molecule and can thus be interpreted, regardless of the total configuration.

Infrared Spectra of Cured and Uncured Rubbers

1959 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 628-638
Author(s):  
G. A. Blokh ◽  
A. F. Mal'nev
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Infrared Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Infrared Region ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Linear Absorption ◽  
Infrared Rays ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The newest physical-chemical methods of research enlarge the scope of study of the vulcanization process. There is a possibility of studying the structure changes during vulcanization of rubber by the application of infrared spectroscopy. Infrared rays are selectively absorbed. Therefore the infrared absorption spectrum can be used as a characteristic property of a substance and could be used for analytical purposes. The large spectral range of the infrared rays indicates their importance for the study of the properties and structure of substances; this makes possible the determination of the moments of inertia of atomic nuclei and molecules, isotopic mass, arrangement and strength of atomic bonds in the molecule and the frequencies of their vibrations. By knowing the frequencies for pure substances, molecular analyses of complicated mixtures of various organic rubbers, accelerators and other substances could be performed. The study of linear absorption spectra is the basis of the spectrographic method in the infrared region. Since the frequencies of near infrared radiation correspond to the characteristic frequencies of the atoms in the molecules, this method could be used to obtain interesting information concerning the structure of organic molecules, the chemical structure of high molecular weight compounds, the determination of the presence of specific groups or atoms in the rubber molecule, the character of the bonds between these groups and the order of arrangement of the individual chain links. This is true because the position of the absorption bands, which are specific for a given group of atoms, is practically the same for the different combinations in which the group occurs. The complicated process of polymerization of diene and vinyl compounds and the structure of different types of rubbers can be investigated with the aid of infrared spectroscopy. For example, Table I lists the characteristic absorption frequencies in the infrared region for some important chemical combinations.

Determination of Methylcarbamate Pesticides in the Presence of Methyl Anthranilate in Concord Grapes

1966 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 982-985
Author(s):  
E J Broderick ◽  
J B Bourke ◽  
L R Mattick ◽  
E F Taschenberg ◽  
A W Avens
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Ammonium Chloride Solution ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Methyl Anthranilate ◽  
Acid Wash ◽  
Concord Grapes

Abstract For a valid infrared analysis of carbamate pesticides in ripe Concord grapes, interference from methyl anthranilate should be eliminated without altering the carbamate concentration. This is possible by extracting the samples with acetone, filtering, and partitioning into chloroform. The sample is then cleaned up by precipitation with an aqueous ammonium chloride solution, methyl anthranilate is removed with a 25% hydrochloric acid wash, and the carbamate is determined by infrared spectroscopy. This method removes 93% of the interfering methyl anthranilate, thus permitting detection of as little as 50 μg of carbamate.

Infrared Analysis of Butadiene Polymers

1960 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kimmer ◽  
E. O. Schmalz
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectra ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Chemical Mixtures ◽  
Extinction Coefficients ◽  
Dilution Series ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Polymer ◽  
High Polymers

Abstract Whereas older methods for the determination of 1,2-, cis-1,4 and trans-1,4 units in high polymers require pure olefins as calibration substances, this is no longer necessary with the newly developed method which is described in this paper. From 3 different polymer samples 3 dilution series are prepared and the infrared spectra are recorded. The extinction coefficients are extrapolated to c=0 by a modified base line procedure and the resulting operational extinction coefficients are coupled mathematically (determinants) to yield the actual extinction coefficients of the pure isomers. These may be expressed as mole per cent of the isomeric units for the individual polymer samples. The procedure described may also be applied to other chemical mixtures without the need for pure calibration substances.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНА ДЕТЕРМІНАЦІЯ ДОМІНУЮЧОГО ІНСТИНКТУ У КОНСТРУКТИВНІЙ САМОРЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ЖІНОК

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-193
Author(s):  
Ольга Віговська
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Self Actualization ◽  
Rational Organization ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Age Range

У статті теоретично обґрунтовано феномен конструктивного самозбереження особистості як ознаки самоактуалізації, розкриття власного потенціалу і побудови перспективи розвитку особистості та емпірично виявлено ознаки психологічної детермінації домінуючого інстинкту у конструктивній самореалізації жінок з різним соціальним статусом. Зазначено, що проблема самозбереження асоціюється з особливостями прояву інстинкту самозбереження людини, але потреби вищого порядку зумовлюють соціальну природу її поведінки, яка локалізована у найвищій точці самореалізації. Теоретично обгрунтовано, що самореалізація визначає тенденцію раціональної організації життя людини та проявляється у її почутті задоволеністю життям. З’ясовано, що психологічну основу конструктивного самозбереження становлять індивідуально-типологічні характеристики людини, які відображають психофізіологічні та психосоціальні резерви самореалізації особистості. Розроблена програма емпіричного дослідження, а також комплекс використаних методів математичної обробки результатів дослідження дає змогу конкретизувати психологічний зміст детермінації домінуючого інстинкту у конструктивній самореалізації жінок вікового діапазону 35-45 років та з різним соціальним статусом. У жінок, які виховують проблемну (хвору) дитину, домінує інстинкт "егофільного типу", що виражається у їх надмірному егоцентризмі і супроводжується низькими показниками самоактуалізації, на відміну від досліджуваних жінок, які виховують здорових дітей і у яких на фоні вираженої тенденції до самоактуалізації домінує базовий інстинкт "дослідницького типу" та "лібертофільного типу". This article theoretically proves constructive phenomenon of self identity as signs of self-disclosure own potential and prospects of development of individual construction. In addition, it empirically showes signs of psychological determination of the dominant instinct in a constructive self-determination of women with different social statuses. It was noted that the issue of self-preservation is associated with the peculiarities of manifestation of self-preservation instinct of man, but it needs higher-order cause social nature of the behavior that is localized at the highest point of self-realization. It theorized that self-realization determines the trend of rational organization of human life and manifests itself in its sense of life satisfaction. It was found that the psychological basis of constructive self-preservation of the individual make individually-typological characteristics of a person that reflect physiological and psychosocial reserves of self-realization. The developed program of empirical research, as well as the methods used complex mathematical processing of results of research allows to specify the content of the psychological determination of the dominant instinct of constructive self-realization а women age range of 35-45 years and with different social status. Women who bring up the problem child dominates the instinct of self-preservation, which is reflected in their excessive self-centeredness, and is accompanied by low levels of self-actualization, as opposed to the study of women who are raising healthy children and that against the backdrop of a pronounced tendency to self-actualization, dominated by basic instinct "research type" and "independent type."

Determination of allostatic load dynamics in the assessment of adaptation in temporary workers in the Arctic

2020 ◽  
pp. 547-548
Author(s):  
O. Yu. Atkov ◽  
S. G. Gorokhova
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Shift Work ◽  
Allostatic Load ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Temporary Workers ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Adaptation ◽  
The Individual

The individual dynamics of the allostatic load index was revealed mainly due to changes in the glucose level, body mass index, which makes it applicable for assessing the short-term adaptation to the stay in the conditions of shift work

THE SUBJECT FIELD OF INSTITUTIONAL EDUCATION: THE SENSE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Irina Mordous
Keyword(s):  
Decisive Role ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
National Education ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Separate Area ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Political Economic

The development of modern civilization attests to its decisive role in the progressive development of institutions. They identified the difference between Western civilization and the rest of the world. Confirmation of the institutional advantages of the West was its early industrialization. The genesis and formation of institutionalism in its ideological and conceptualmethodological orientation occurs as a process alternative to neoclassic in the context of world heterodoxia, which quickly spread in social science. Highlighting institutional education as a separate area of sociocultural activity is determined by the factor of differentiation of institutional theory as a whole. A feature of institutional education is its orientation toward the individual and his/her transformation into a personality. The content of institutional education is revealed through the analysis of the institution, which includes a set of established customs, traditions, ways of thinking, behavioral stereotypes of individuals and social groups. The dynamics of socio-political, economic transformations in Ukraine requires a review of the foundations of national education and determination of the prospects for its development in the 21st century in the context of institutionalism.

Near Infrared Spectroscopy Used in Purification and Determination of Pharmaceutical Cocrystal

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 1928
Author(s):  
Zong-Liang CHI ◽  
Miao-Miao WANG ◽  
Xiao-Dong CONG ◽  
Shao-Guang LIU ◽  
Bao-Chang CAI
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Pharmaceutical Cocrystal
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