Rupture of Rubber. IV. Tear Properties of Vulcanizates Containing Carbon Black

1957 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 584-595
Author(s):  
H. W. Greensmith
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Tear Properties

Abstract A method of studying tear behavior has been described in a previous paper (Part III, subsequently referred to as III), and was illustrated by results obtained with natural rubber and GR-S gum vulcanizates, i.e., vulcanizates containing no added ingredients apart from those necessary for vulcanization. In the present paper the method is applied to vulcanizates containing different types of carbon black. Vulcanizates of this type are of considerable interest, since the carbon black can appreciably modify physical properties such as stiffness and tensile strength and can induce pronounced anisotropy in tearing, referred to by Buist as knotty tearing.

Effect of Carbon Black on Curing Behavior, Mechanical Properties and Viscoelastic Behavior of Natural Sponge Rubber-Based Nano-Composites

2012 ◽  
Vol 510-511 ◽  
pp. 532-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Bashir ◽  
M. Shahid ◽  
R.A. Alvi ◽  
A.G. Yahya
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Viscoelastic Behavior ◽  
Nano Composites ◽  
Curing Behavior ◽  
Auxetic Materials ◽  
Viscosity Variation

Natural rubber (polymer designation cis-1-4 polyisoprene, is obtained from the sap ("latex") of several rubber-yielding plants (e.g.,HeveaBrasiliensisandPartheniaargentatum) by coagulation with chemicals, drying, electrical coagulation, and other processes. Foamy or sponge structure of natural rubber (NR) is very useful in aerospace and as auxetic materials (exhibiting negative poisons ratio) for use in application of homeland security.The main aim of this research to estimate the influence of carbon black on mechanical properties, curing and viscosity variation behaviors of the natural rubber based composites. Different amounts of carbon black were used along with other fillers. The influence of carbon black on curing behavior and mechanicalproperties of natural rubber foams was investigated at different feedingratios of the carbon black. The physical properties of the foamed NRs were then measured as a function of carbon blacks content. The mechanical properties of the foamed NRs such as tensile strength,strength at break and modulus,were gradually increased with increasingcarbon black content whereas elongation decreasedat break.

Carbon Blacks in GR-S

1946 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Styrene Copolymer ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Abstract The importance of different types of colloidal carbon as reinforcing agents for the butadiene-styrene copolymer, GR-S, has been stressed in recent papers. It has been shown that, to a first approximation, the effect of carbon blacks in this type of synthetic rubber is similar to that in natural rubber, but it has been shown also that the extremely low tensile strength and poor tearing properties of uncompounded vulcanized GR-S necessitates the addition of some form of carbon black to almost all types of compounds. The present paper considers the influence of carbon blacks in vulcanized GR-S compounds. Earlier papers have discussed the effect of carbon blacks in natural rubber.

Characterization of Snap-On Calf Nipple Product and Development of its Compound Formulation Based on Natural Rubber

2017 ◽  
Vol 744 ◽  
pp. 282-287
Author(s):  
Sarawut Prasertsri ◽  
Sansanee Srichan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Rubber Component

This research aimed to develop the formulation of natural rubber filled with carbon black, silica and calcium carbonate for rubber calf nipple application. The reverse engineering was performed on the calf nipple product to analyze the rubber type and component by using Soxhlet extraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Furthermore, mechanical properties were examined to act as benchmark for the rubber compound design. The results showed that rubber component in the nipple product was natural rubber, whereas two filler types revealed as carbon black and calcium carbonate with 10 and 35 of the total weight. In addition, rubber nipple showed the hardness of 46±1 Shore A and tensile strength of 5.3±0.60 MPa. From the investigation of the properties of developed rubber compounds in this work, it was found that the mechanical properties depended on type and content of filler. The required mechanical properties of vulcanizates were achieved at 20 phr of carbon black (N330), 20 phr of silica and 120 phr of calcium carbonate.

Prototype of Geocell from Natural Rubber: Effect of Dual-Phase Fillers on Physical Properties of Rubber Compounds Reinforced with Silica and Carbon Black

2017 ◽  
Vol 737 ◽  
pp. 572-577
Author(s):  
Sompatsorn Wongwilatnurak ◽  
Surakit Tuampoemsab ◽  
Rapeephun Dangtungee
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Dual Phase ◽  
Chemical Formula ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
The Road ◽  
Static Mechanical

Geocell, a type of the geosynthetics, is normally used to improve natural geomaterial properties and performance because of confinement and confinement force. This work was an attempt to apply the solid natural rubber (NR) for producing the prototype of geocell with reinforcing the pavement structure of the road. There are three parts of all work in research, which consist of finding the optimal chemical formula, designing and producing the prototype and civil engineering testing of flexible pavement components. This research has emphasized and focused on finding the optimal chemical formula for the prototype production. The effect of silica-carbon black (CB) dual-phase filler on physical properties in terms of only static mechanical tests of the prototype was investigated. The total amount of hybrid reinforcing filler was fixed at 60 phr while the silica/CB ratios were 0/60, 10/50, 20/40, 30/30 and 40/20, respectively. Cure characteristic of the NR compound and physical properties in terms of static mechanical tests such as hardness, tensile and tear strengths of the NR vulcanizates were carried out. The results showed that time to 90% cross-linked (TC 90), hardness and tensile strength of the vulcanized rubber were increased with the increasing of silica content but not for its tear strength. Dispersion of the dual-phase filler in the prototype was reduced when the higher amount of silica in the dual-phase filler was employed as proved by images from the scanning electron microscope. There was only 60 phr CB that was selected as the optimal chemical formula for prototype production as the result of tensile and tear strength.

Effect of Vulcanization Additive on Cure Characteristics and Physical Properties of Silica Filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber Truck Tyre Tread Compound

2015 ◽  
Vol 1107 ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
Ahmad Kifli Che Aziz ◽  
Teku Zakwan Zaeimoedin ◽  
Mazlina Mustafa Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Truck Tyre ◽  
Curing Systems

The challenges of using Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR) in truck tyre tread are to achieve good cure reversion resistant and physical properties especially on abrasion resistance towards long vulcanization time. The objectives of the project are to study the effects of vulcanization additive on cure characteristics and physical properties of silica filled ENR compound. In this work, a variation of curing systems were employed and a standard carbon black filled Natural Rubber/Butadiene Rubber (NR/BR) compound as a comparison. Greater reversion resistance and physical properties were observed with inclusion of vulcanization additive in the silica compound as compared to compound containing any. The abrasion resistance on the hand improved in spite of long vulcanisation time which commonly practices in truck tyre manufacturing.Keywords: ENR, silica, vulcanization additive, cure reversion, abrasion resistance

Tensile Rupture of Rubber

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Thomas ◽  
J. M. Whittle
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Abrupt Change ◽  
Main Chain ◽  
Low Temperature Crystallization ◽  
Temperature Crystallization

Abstract The dependence of tensile strength of a number of vulcanizates on temperature has heen studied. A critical temperature θc is found for natural rubber at which an abrupt change in strength occurs. This temperature depends on degree of crosslinking and also on the nature of the vulcanizing system. The presence of carbon black filler increases the strength above θc but has little influence on the value of θc or the strength at temperatures below it. The behavior can be explained qualitatively in terms of a change in mechanism of rupture from essentially a tear process above θc to a crack growth process below it. The influence of vulcanizing system is mainly due to changes in the nature of the crosslink rather than changes in regularity of the main chain as shown by the rate of low temperature crystallization.

Uncured Properties of Silica Filled ENR Compounds at High Temperature Curing

2014 ◽  
Vol 974 ◽  
pp. 102-106
Author(s):  
Mazlina Mustapha Kamal ◽  
Muhammad Zahid Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Rubber Mixture ◽  
Silica Filler ◽  
Work Effect

Rubber reinforcement in general depends on the type of filler used in the rubber mixture. Instead of carbon black, Silica filler has been widely accepted in tyre making due to its low rolling resistance property. In recent years, there is a trend in using higher curing temperature in order to improve productivity of vulcanisation line without drawbacks in the performance of tyres. In this work, effect of vulcanisation temperature based on the silica filled ENR curing behaviour was studied. Results indicate that time-dependant reversion behaviour of ENR was similar to that of unmodified Natural Rubber. The physical properties slowly deteriorated as the curing temperature approached 180°C which related to low crosslink density. Carbon Black filled ENR compound was used as a comparison.

scholarly journals Reinforcement of natural rubber and epoxidized natural rubbers with fillers

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indra Surya ◽  
Nabil Hayeemasae
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Chemistry ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Filler Dispersion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lower Tensile Strength

The reinforcement of natural rubber (NR) and epoxidized natural rubbers (ENRs) with silica or carbon black (CB) by using a semi-efficient sulfur accelerated vulcanization system has been carried out. It was found that silica caused a longer in cure time compared to CB and due to the dissimilarity of their surface chemistry, it was also found that silica and CB caused the difference in reinforcement effect to those rubbers. Silica caused in filled-vulcanizates of those rubbers with a higher modulus and lower tensile strength compared to their unfilled ones. On the other hand, CB caused enhancements in both modulus and tensile to those rubbers. The investigation on reinforcing efficiencies of those fillers on the rubbers found that the higher reinforcing efficiency of CB was attributed to its better degree of filler dispersion when compared to silica.

scholarly journals Study the impact of A nanomixture of carbon black and clay on the mechanical properties of A series of irradiated natural rubber/ butyl rubber blend

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalal Alshangiti
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Vinyl Silane ◽  
Link Density ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A series of natural rubber/ butyl rubber NR/IIR blend loaded with N660 carbon black CB and triethoxy vinyl silane treated clay nano particles (TCNP) were prepared using gamma irradiation in the presence of polyfunctional monomer, trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). The effect of incorporating different content of N660 carbon black and 5 part per hundred of rubber (phr) of treated clay on the mechanical properties of the prepared nano composites have been investigated. The additions of TCNP into CB/ rubber composites markedly increase their tensile strength due to the increase of the cross-link density. These results indicated that the TCNP may be enclosed or trapped in the occluded structure of CB. The effect of CB and TCNP content on the tensile strength (σ), elongation at break (εb %) and modulus of elasticity (E, MPa) of natural rubber/ butyl rubber NR/IIR blend have been investigated. The incorporation of 5 phr of TCNP into 30 phr carbon black loaded NR/ IIR composites results in the increased tensile strength value by about 60%. Finally, theoretical models were used to interpret the experimental results.

The Behavior of Carbon Black-Filled Natural Rubber under High Strain Rates3

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syeda A. Hussain ◽  
Michelle S. Hoo Fatt
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Characteristic Relaxation Time ◽  
Dynamic Tensile Strength ◽  
Extension Ratio ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
Quasistatic Loading ◽  
Induced Crystallization

Abstract Tensile tests were conducted to obtain the deformation and failure characteristics of unfilled natural rubber (NR) and natural rubber with 25, 50, and 75 phr of N550 carbon black filler under quasistatic and dynamic loading conditions. The quasistatic tests were performed on an electromechanical INSTRON machine, while the dynamic test data were obtained from tensile impact experiments using a Charpy impact apparatus. In general, the modulus of the stress-extension ratio curves increases with increasing strain rate up to about 407, 367, 346, and 360 s−1 for unfilled, and 25, 50, and 75 phr for filled NR, respectively. Above these strain rates, the unfilled and filled natural rubber stress-extension ratio curves remained unchanged. The modulus increased with increasing strain rate because there was little time for stress relaxation. Above a critical strain rate, no change in modulus was observed because the time of the experiment was short compared to the lowest characteristic relaxation time of the material. Dynamic stress-extension ratio curves did not have the very sharp upturn at break, which is observed from strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber under quasistatic loading. Strain-induced crystallization appeared to be suppressed at high rates of loading. In fact, the highest dynamic tensile strength for the 25- and 50-phr carbon black-filled natural rubbers was smaller than those under quasistatic loading, while the highest dynamic tensile strength of the 75-phr carbon black-filled NR was greater than that in the static test. This indicated that high amounts of carbon black fillers will impede strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber.

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