Bound Rubber and Mechanical Properties of Diene Polymers

1958 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Palinchak ◽  
E. E. McSweeney ◽  
W. J. Mueller ◽  
P. B. Stickney
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Diethylene Glycol ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Gel Formation ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Stabilizing Effect

Abstract 1. Tensile strength is apparently a function of the particle size of the pigment and how well it is dispersed in a polymer. 2. Modulus and abrasion resistance are apparently functions of the interaction of the pigment and the polymer. This cannot be attributed entirely to bound-rubber formation, since bound rubber may occur without reinforcement, as shown by the results with silica pigment. 3. Results of processing studies show that Philblack O has a stabilizing effect on the polymer during processing and more consistent and better properties are obtained if processing is performed with carbon black present at temperatures below those for gel formation. This effect is more pronounced for less stable polymers such as polybutadiene. 4. Philblack O slows down gel formation. 5. It is possible that silica may have a destabilizing effect on polybutadiene unless it is buffered with agents such as resins, stearic acids, and diethylene glycol.

Effect of Diameter and Surface Area of Carbon Black Particles on Certain Properties of Rubber Compounds

1944 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-474
Author(s):  
D. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Stiffness Modulus ◽  
Carbon Structures ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Regular Manner ◽  
Tear Resistance

Abstract Carbon blacks can be grouped into different classes according to the way in which their fineness of division relates to different properties in rubber. Within any one class the principal properties vary in a regular manner with particle size. The normal class consists of the furnace carbons, Kosmos (Dixie)-40, Statex, the rubber-grade impingement carbons, and possibly, the color-grade impingement carbons. The subnormal classes consist of thermal carbons and acetylene and lamp blacks. Irrespective of the above classification, the properties which depend more on fineness of division than on other factors are rebound resilience, abrasion resistance, tensile strength and tear resistance. The lower limit of particle diameter for best tensile strength and tear resistance appears to be higher than that for abrasion resistance. B.S.I, hardness and electrical conductivity are properties which depend at least as much on other factors as on particle size. Stiffness (modulus) depends more on other factors than on particle size. Factors modifying the effects of particle size (or specific surface) include the presence of carbon-carbon structures and a reduction in strength of bond in rubber-carbon structures. Carbon black is thought to exist in rubber in four states: agglomerated, flocculated, dispersed, and bonded to the rubber molecules (the reënforcing fraction). Abrasion resistance is regarded as providing the only reliable measure of reënforcement.

HAF/SILICA/NANOCLAY “TERNARY” MASTERBATCH AND HAF/SILICA BINARY MASTERBATCH FROM FRESH NATURAL RUBBER LATEX

2014 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasidharan Krishnan ◽  
Rosamma Alex ◽  
Thomas Kurian
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Filler Dispersion

ABSTRACT A process for production of carbon black/silica/nanoclay ternary filler masterbatch from fresh natural rubber (NR) latex was standardized. The fillers, nanoclay, carbon black, and silica were incorporated in fresh NR latex by a modified coagulation process. The latex, mixed with filler dispersions, coagulated immediately on addition of acids. The coagulum containing fillers was dried at 70 °C in an air oven to get the latex filler masterbatch, which was further processed in the conventional way. The masterbatch compounds containing only silica/carbon black showed a higher level of vulcanization as compared with the corresponding dry mixes. The mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, modulus, tear strength, abrasion resistance, and hardness, increased with the proportion of nanoclay in the mixes up to 5 phr, and with a greater amount, the change was only marginal. Lower tan delta values were observed for all of the masterbatches containing nanoclay in the ranges of 3 to 10 phr compared with the control dry mix containing 25/25 carbon black/silica. The improvement in mechanical properties and dynamic properties shown by the masterbatches over the conventional mill-mixed compounds was attributed to factors related to filler dispersion, as evidenced from the data from dispersion analyzer images, X-ray diffractograms, and a higher level of vulcanization.

scholarly journals Effects of chemically treated and carbonized spear grass fibre on the curing and mechanical properties of natural rubber vulcanizates

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1142-1149
Author(s):  
A.C. Ezika ◽  
V.U. Okpechi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Carbonization Temperature ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Chemically Treated ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

Effects of chemically treated and carbonized spear grass fibre on the curing and mechanical properties of natural rubber vulcanizates were carried out. Natural rubber (NR) was filled with carbonized (at carbonization temperatures of 400°C, 600°C and 800°C  respectively) and chemically treated (treatment with HCl and NaOH of 5% concentration) spear grass fillers respectively, at a filler loading of 30phr. The rubber compounding was carried out in a bambury mixer. The effect of carbonization temperature and chemical treatment of the filler on the mechanical properties (tensile strength, % elongation, hardness strength, abrasion resistance and compression set) and rheological properties (cure time, scorch time, maximum and minimum torque) were carried out on the  samples. The results of the mechanical properties of carbonized spear grass fibre (C-SGF) filled vulcanizates show that the optimum carbonization temperature for an improved tensile strength, % elongation, hardness, abrasion and compression set was obtained at 400°C. NaOH treated fibre filled vulcanizates showed better mechanical properties; with the highest abrasion resistance of 67.65%, while untreated and acidified fibre filled vulcanizates showed poor mechanical properties. Acidified (HCl) uncarbonized spear grass fibre (U-SGF) filled vulcanizate had the highest compression set of 48% against C-SGF filled vulcanzates and carbon black filled  vulcanizate, with carbon black filled vulcanizate having 47% as its compression set value. This reveals that at a carbonization temperature of 400°C, C-SGF appears to be a potential substitute filler for carbon black (CB). Keywords: Spear Grass Fibre, Natural Rubber, Chemical Treatments, Cure Characteristics, Mechanical Properties, Carbonization

scholarly journals The effect of carbon black on the curing and mechanical properties of natural rubber/ acrylonitrile- butadiene rubber composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-201
Author(s):  
H. Boukfessa ◽  
B. Bezzazi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Different Content

The present work investigates the effect of the amount of carbon black on curing and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness and abrasion resistance of the natural rubber (NR)/ acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) blend. For that purpose, a blend composed of 65% NR and 35% NBR filled with different content of carbon black N330 was used. The curing results indicate that the viscosity and the crosslink density of rubber composites increase and the scorch and curing times decrease with increasing the filler content. Mechanical properties such as tensile modulus and hardness of the CB filled NR/NBR blend were remarkably improved, indicating the inherent reinforcing potential of CB. Regarding tensile strength and abrasion resistance, they increase with the addition of carbon black, up to 50 phr. After that, these properties decrease slightly with filleraddition.

NATURAL RUBBER/CARBON BLACK NANOCOMPOSITES PREPARED BY ULTRASONICALLY AIDED EXTRUSION

2013 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaesun Choi ◽  
Avraam I. Isayev
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Ultrasonic Treatment ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Chain Scission ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Ultrasonic Power ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
And Performance

ABSTRACT Significant efforts have been made in rubber research to improve the dispersion of carbon black (CB) in rubbers to achieve better processibility and performance of tires and rubber products. In addressing these issues, the present study is an attempt to further improve the processibility and dispersion by means of application of ultrasonic waves. Natural rubber (NR)/CB nanocomposites at loadings from 15 to 60 phr were prepared by ultrasonically aided extrusion at ultrasonic amplitudes up to 7.5 μm. A die pressure significantly decreased with an increase of amplitude, especially at higher loadings, indicating an improvement in processibility. Ultrasonic power consumption was almost insensitive to loadings. The complex dynamic viscosity, storage, and loss moduli of compounds and vulcanizates at loadings of 15, 25, 35, and 60 phr were reduced by the ultrasonic treatment at an amplitude of 7.5 μm, indicating NR chain scission. Bound rubber in compounds decreased by the ultrasonic treatment. The maximum torque in curing curves, cross-link density, gel fraction, hardness, M100, M300, tensile strength, and abrasion resistance of vulcanizates at loadings of 15, 25, 35, and 60 phr decreased at an amplitude of 7.5 μm, due to the NR chain scission, whereas the elongation at break increased. Atomic force microscope (AFM) studies of vulcanizates showed a penetration of rubber chains into agglomerates at an amplitude of 7.5 μm, indicating an improvement of dispersion of CB. Based on AFM images, a dispersion index was introduced, showing that the ultrasonic treatment at an amplitude of 7.5 μm led to a better dispersion of CB in vulcanizates. Comparison of NR/CB compounds and vulcanizates with those of NR/carbon nanotube (CNT) of an earlier study was carried out. In general, the CB-containing NR showed significantly lower modulus and abrasion resistance but higher tensile strength and bound rubber than CNT-containing NR.

STUDYING THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ADDITIVES ON THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EPOXY-BASED COMPOSITE MATERIALS

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (Special) ◽  
pp. 2-72-2-77
Author(s):  
Hassanein M. Nhoo ◽  
◽  
Raad. M. Fenjan ◽  
Ahmed A. Ayash ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Volume Percent ◽  
Fair Comparison ◽  
Filler Level

The current paper deals with investigating the effect of two different fillers on the thermal and mechanical characteristics of epoxy-based composite. The filler used throughout the study are: charcoal and Pyrex, both of them are different in nature and have not been investigated thoroughly or even compared fairly in terms of their effect on polymer matrix. Further, they can be considered as a cheap filler, charcoal can be obtained from a simple pyrolysis process of plants (charcoal) and Pyrex waste can be collected easily. Both types are added to the selected matrix with volume percent ranged from 10 to 60 with increments of 10. To ensure a fair comparison, the particle size is fixed (is about 1.7 micrometer). The results showed that the epoxy thermal conductivity has enhanced by about two orders of magnitudes over the studied range of filler. In terms of mechanical properties, the charcoal improves the tensile strength about 84% at 60% volume fraction while the Pyrex effect is about 40% at the same filler level. On the contrast, the results of compressive strength do not show an appreciable improvement overall. It decreases by about 12% at 60% volume fraction of charcoal while increases about the same percent with Pyrex at the same filler level.

Evaluating the Mechanical Properties of Waterproof Breathable Fabric Produced by a Coating Process

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-248
Author(s):  
Imene Ghezal ◽  
Ali Moussa ◽  
Imed Ben Marzoug ◽  
Ahmida El-Achari ◽  
Christine Campagne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Coating Process ◽  
Outer Face ◽  
Coated Fabric ◽  
Spacer Fabric ◽  
Recovery Behavior ◽  
Breathable Fabric

The purpose of this research was to evaluate mechanical properties of a waterproof breathable fabric. A spacer knit with a cotton inner face and a polyester (PET) outer face was coated in order to obtain a waterproof breathable fabric. The applied coat was a mixture of an acrylic paste and a fluorocarbon resin. The treated fabric has undergone several tests to evaluate its mechanical properties. Tensile strength, flexural strength, abrasion resistance, and wrinkle recovery behavior were measured and discussed. After the coating treatment, the fabric was rigidified by 25% and 19% in wale and course directions, respectively. The coated PET face of the spacer fabric was not altered even after 125,000 abrasion cycles. A stiffer fabric was obtained after the coating treatment. However, fabric recovery behavior was ameliorated by 78% and 72% according to wale and course directions, respectively. The coated fabric can be used to produce raincoats and jackets.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL ELASTOMER

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (5-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Husna Rajhan ◽  
Hanizah Ab. Hamid ◽  
Azmi Ibrahim ◽  
Rozaina Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Tensile Test ◽  
Magnetorheological Elastomer ◽  
Dead Load ◽  
Carbon Black Content ◽  
Engineering Applications ◽  
Magnetorheological Elastomers

Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) have much interest in engineering applications. However, the mechanical properties of MREs are still under ongoing researches. This paper presents the results from tensile test, hardness and rebound test that were carried out in order to understand the mechanical properties of MRE with the influence of carbon black content. The addition of carbon black was varied with the amount of 20 pphr, 40 pphr and 60 pphr of carbon black. The development of the MRE composites was manufactured by following the conventional rubber compounding process. The optimum cure of each MRE composite was determined by using a Rheometer 100. The mechanical properties through tensile test were obtained by using an Instron Tensile Machine, meanwhile hardness and resilience were carried out by using Wallace Dead Load Hardness and Dunlop Tripsometer, respectively. The results of tensile strength were not consistent with the addition of carbon black. In meantime, hardness value increases as the carbon black increases. The decreasing pattern of MRE resilience could be observed when the carbon black content increases.

scholarly journals Chitin Hydrogels Prepared at Various Lithium Chloride/N,N-Dimethylacetamide Solutions by Water Vapor-Induced Phase Inversion

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Khoa Dang Nguyen ◽  
Takaomi Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Phase Inversion ◽  
Complex Modulus ◽  
Gel Formation ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Entanglement Network ◽  
Water Contents

Chitin was chemically extracted from crab shells and then dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) solvent with lithium chloride (LiCl) at 3, 5, 7, and 10%. The concentrated chitin-DMAc/LiCl solutions were used for the preparation of chitin hydrogels by water vapor-induced phase inversion at 20°C. The coagulation process was investigated while altering the concentration of LiCl in the DMAc solution. The shear viscosity of the chitin solution increased with higher LiCl amounts and decreased when the concentration of LiCl was reduced by adding water to the chitin solution, implying high LiCl concentration delayed the coagulation of chitin solution in the presence of water. The viscoelasticity of the chitin solutions indicated the gel formation intensification was dependent on the dose of LiCl and chitin in the DMAc solution. After the chitin solution was coagulated, the resultant hydrogels had water contents of 387–461% and the tensile strength varied from 285 to 400 kPa when the concentration of LiCl in the hydrogel was adjusted to 3% and 7%, respectively. As for viscoelasticity, the complex modulus of the chitin hydrogels indicated that the increment of the LiCl concentration up to 7% formed the tight hydrogels. Atomic force microscopic (AFM) image revealed the formation of the entanglement network and larger domains of the aggregated chitin segments. However, the hydrogel prepared at 10% LiCl in DMAc solution exhibited weak mechanical properties due to the loose hydrogel networking caused by the strong aggregation of the chitin segments.

Characterization of Snap-On Calf Nipple Product and Development of its Compound Formulation Based on Natural Rubber

2017 ◽  
Vol 744 ◽  
pp. 282-287
Author(s):  
Sarawut Prasertsri ◽  
Sansanee Srichan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Rubber Component

This research aimed to develop the formulation of natural rubber filled with carbon black, silica and calcium carbonate for rubber calf nipple application. The reverse engineering was performed on the calf nipple product to analyze the rubber type and component by using Soxhlet extraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Furthermore, mechanical properties were examined to act as benchmark for the rubber compound design. The results showed that rubber component in the nipple product was natural rubber, whereas two filler types revealed as carbon black and calcium carbonate with 10 and 35 of the total weight. In addition, rubber nipple showed the hardness of 46±1 Shore A and tensile strength of 5.3±0.60 MPa. From the investigation of the properties of developed rubber compounds in this work, it was found that the mechanical properties depended on type and content of filler. The required mechanical properties of vulcanizates were achieved at 20 phr of carbon black (N330), 20 phr of silica and 120 phr of calcium carbonate.

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