Effects of Carbon Black Structure on Tire Tread Wear

1961 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Bolt ◽  
E. M. Dannenberg
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Primary Particle ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Wear Performance ◽  
Furnace Process ◽  
Service Conditions ◽  
Mixing Techniques ◽  
Heat Buildup

Abstract Oil furnace process carbon blacks have been produced which differ widely in the extent of their primary chainlike aggregation. The effect of the carbon black structure on rubber properties and road wear was evaluated in oil-extended SBR passenger tire tread compounds. The decrease in primary particle aggregation increases the tendency to form strong, dense, secondary agglomerates which require mixing techniques designed to insure that they are well dispersed. The behavior in rubber of a series of oil furnace blacks differing primarily in their structure is most apparent in processing, shrinkage, modulus and hardness. There are small effects on rebound and flex cracking resistance but no significant effects on tensile strength and heat buildup. Carbon black structure can be reduced to some extent without encountering significant loss in road wear resistance under normal wearing conditions. Some decrease in road wear performance occurred under very severe road test conditions. The use of higher black loadings of the normal structure blacks gave good wear resistance under both normal and severe service conditions.

A Quantitative Study of the Carbon Black Reinforcement System for Tire Tread Compounds

1979 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 748-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Veith ◽  
V. E. Chirico
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Reinforcement System ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Carbon Blacks

Abstract This comprehensive program clearly shows the influence of the four defined reinforcement system variables. The tread wear testing conducted over an extremely wide severity range illustrates how the influence of each variable or factor changes as the tire use of test severity is changed. The quantitative influence of the four variables is best illustrated by the index severity gradient, while the index range serves as a quick indicator. The influence of each factor of the reinforcement system increases as general test severity is increased. Carbon blacks with high structure and surface area are substantially superior to blacks with normal structure and surface area at the higher test severities. At the higher general severities, increased oil content produces higher wear rates. At any given severity level, the rate of wear passes through a minimum as carbon black level is increased. The carbon black content at this minimum wear rate shifts to higher values as general severity is raised. Test results at a series of specific cornering force levels (0.10–0.30 g range) indicate that the relative wear of typical tread compounds demonstrates crossovers of index values. Compounds that show superior wear resistance compared to a reference compound at high cornering severities often show inferior wear resistance at low cornering severities. Therefore, for maximum tread life or wear resistance, the reinforcement system with any tread rubber or rubber blend must be carefully adjusted to the anticipated level of tire use severity. The introduction of improved-technology carbon blacks with increased rubber-black interaction that is promoted by high DBP and EMA levels is a substantial advancement in rubber materials science and is most important for the production of high-performance long-treadlife tires.

Performance of SBR and BR Tread Compounds as a Function of Carbon Black Dispersion, Surface Chemistry, and Structure

1969 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 700-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Scott ◽  
V. Chirico
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
Dispersion Surface ◽  
High Level ◽  
Oxygen Functionality ◽  
Carbon Black Dispersion

Abstract A study has been made of the effect of carbon black dispersion, oxygen volatile, and extremes in chain structure development on vulcanizate properties and treadwear. The effect of poorly dispersed carbon black is to reduce wear resistance, tensile strength, strain energy, and groove cracking resistance. Other vulcanizate properties are not as noticeably affected. The role of oxygen functionality in reinforcement was investigated in a series of oxidation and devolatilization experiments. Added oxygen functionality of a critical amount reduces modulus, strain energy and treadwear resistance. Attempts to raise these properties through added acceleration results in greatly reduced treadwear. Carbon black-elastomer adhesion is indicated once again as the sine qua non of wear resistance. Carbon blacks possessing an unusually high level of reticulate chain structure require a lower level of chemical crosslinking than carbons of normal structure level for maximum treadwear resistance. This finding is consistent with a reinforcement theory involving stress dissipation by transfer to the carbon-elastomer interface, where relief occurs by slippage over the friction surface.

Sintered High Carbon Steels: Effect of Thermomechanical Treatments on their Mechanical and Wear Performance

2008 ◽  
Vol 591-593 ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Martinez ◽  
R. Calabrés ◽  
J. Abenojar ◽  
Francisco Velasco
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Powder Metallurgy ◽  
Thermomechanical Treatment ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Tool Steels ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Wear Performance ◽  
Metallographic Study

In this work, ultrahigh carbon steels (UHCS) obtained by powder metallurgy with CIP and argon sintered at 1150°C. Then, they were rolled at 850 °C with a reduction of 40 %. Finally, steels were quenched at 850 and 1000 °C in oil. In each step, hardness, bending strength and wear performance were evaluated. Obtained results are justified with a metallographic study by SEM. Both mechanical properties and wear resistance are highly favoured with the thermomechanical treatment that removes the porosity of the material. Moreover, final quenching highly hardens the material. The obtained material could be used as matrix for tool steels.

Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature and Lubricating Conditions on the Fretting Wear Behavior of SAF 2507 Super Duplex Stainless Steel

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengjiao Wang ◽  
Yunxia Wang ◽  
Jianzhang Wang ◽  
Na Fan ◽  
Fengyuan Yan
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Fretting Wear ◽  
Super Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Wear Performance ◽  
Seawater Lubrication

Super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) has excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. However, currently, there are few researches conducted on its fretting wear performance. This paper studies the influence of different heat treatment temperatures and medium environment on the fretting wear performance of SAF 2507 SDSS. Results show that the combined effect of the sigma phase and seawater lubrication can significantly improve the wear resistance of SAF 2507 SDSS. After treated with different heat treatment temperatures, different contents of sigma phases are precipitated out of SAF 2507 SDSS, which improves the wear resistance of the material to different degrees. In addition, the fretting wear performance of SAF 2507 SDSS also relates to the lubrication medium. In air, the friction and wear performance of SAF 2507 SDSS is poor, while in seawater, solution and corrosion products that acted as a lubricant dramatically improve the wear resistance of the material. Under the combined action of heat treatment and seawater lubrication medium, the friction coefficient and wear reduce by 70% and 91%, respectively.

SiO2 modified graphene oxide hybrids for improving fretting wear performance of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaocui Xin ◽  
Yunxia Wang ◽  
Zhaojie Meng ◽  
Fengyuan Yan
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Fretting Wear ◽  
Wear Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Modified Graphene Oxide ◽  
Modified Graphene ◽  
Ultra High Molecular Weight

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the fretting wear performance of ultra-high-molecular-weight-polyethene (UHMWPE) with addition of GO and SiO2. Design/methodology/approach In this study, GO were synthesized and SiO2 nanoparticles were grafted onto GO. The effect of nanofiller on fretting wear performance of UHMWPE was investigated. Findings The results indicated that GO was successfully synthesized and SiO2 nanoparticles successfully grafted onto GO. Incorporation of GS was beneficial for the reduction in friction and the improvement in wear resistance of UHMWPE. GO was beneficial for reducing friction coefficient, while SiO2 was good for improving wear resistance. There existed a tribological synergistic effect between GO nanosheet and SiO2 nanoparticles. Research limitations/implications The hybrids of GS were promising nanofiller for improving the fretting wear performance of UHMWPE. Originality/value The main originality of the research is to reveal the effect of GO and SiO2 nanoparticles on fretting behavior of UHMWPE. The result indicated hybrids of GS were promising nanofiller for improving the fretting wear performance of UHMWPE.

En Wear-Resisting Properties of Epoxy/WC-Co/Al Coating on 300M Steel

2019 ◽  
Vol 1151 ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Feng Ding ◽  
Shu Qin Li ◽  
Ping Ze Zhang ◽  
Dong Bo Wei ◽  
Xiao Hu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Steel Part ◽  
Curing Process ◽  
Wear Performance ◽  
Uncoated Sample ◽  
Surface Protection ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
300M Steel ◽  
Al Coating

Based on surface protection problems of the steel part of the landing gear, wear-resisting properties of tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) particles reinforced epoxy (WRE) coatings were investigated in this paper. The curing process of WRE coating was analyzed by DSC, TG and IR. The wear performance under different rotational speed WRE coating was studied respectively. The specific wear rates of the WRE coating at 560 rpm and 840 rpm are 6.04 ×10−4mm3N−1m−1and 9.55 ×10−4mm3N−1m−1respectively, about only 60% of that of the uncoated sample. Thus, this could be summarized that WRE coating had a good wear resistance.

The role of ceramic particle loading and the influence of hot extrusion on the tribological behaviour of aluminium alloy-SiCp composites

2020 ◽  
pp. 002199832095740
Author(s):  
S Dhanalakshmi ◽  
K ShanmugaSundaram ◽  
TR Tamilarasan ◽  
R Rajendran
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Base Alloy ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Hot Extrusion ◽  
Stir Casting ◽  
Ceramic Particle ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Tribological Behaviour ◽  
Wear Performance ◽  
Electron Microscopes

Aluminium matrix composites (AMC) are gaining wide popularity in various sectors due to their excellent properties which are synergic. Apart from strength, wear resistance of a material is also an essential criterion for the number of applications. Extensive studies are being carried out on the secondary processing of these materials to enhance the suitability of the AMC for engineering applications. In this study, initially, Al 2014 base alloy and their composites with 5, 10, and 15 wt.% SiCp fabricated by stir casting route were subjected to wear test. Based on the encouraging wear performance, the Al-10 wt.% SiC composite was further subjected to extrusion. Pin-on-disc sliding wear tests on the as-cast & extruded base alloy and the composite samples were carried out at a constant load of 20 N for a total sliding distance of 1000 m with a velocity of 2 m/s. Microhardness and porosity measurements were carried out besides the study of wear performance, such as coefficient of friction and wear by weight loss. The worn surfaces were analyzed both by optical and scanning electron microscopes. The effect of particle addition, extrusion, porosity, and microhardness on the wear performance of the samples was discussed. Among the samples studied, the Al-10 wt.% SiC composite extruded at a ratio of 8:1 is found to have the highest wear resistance.

Wear Behavior of Different Materials Applied on Horizontal Mixer Blades Used in the Processing of Total Mixed Rations

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1743-1753
Author(s):  
Tao Wang ◽  
Baoqin Wen ◽  
Za Kan ◽  
Jingbin Li
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Spring Steel ◽  
Manganese Steel ◽  
Wear Performance ◽  
Electron Backscatter ◽  
Backscatter Diffraction

Abstract. A horizontal mixer can realize the cutting and mixing of coarse and fine feeds and achieve the purpose of scientific feeding. Studying the wear resistance of the mixer blades can improve the service life of a horizontal mixer. The wear performance of blades made of three different materials (manganese steel, tool steel, and spring steel) was studied under laboratory conditions and working conditions. In laboratory conditions, the wear scar morphology and surface elements were analyzed by means of three-dimensional topography, scanning electron microscopy, and energy spectrum analysis. The results show that the friction coefficient, wear quality, and surface roughness of manganese steel blades had the lowest values of 0.49158, 0.0061 mg, and 4.341 µm in three groups of tests. In working conditions, the wear amount and surface roughness of the manganese steel blades in different zones of the mixer were the lowest. In addition, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) results showed that the grain size of the manganese steel blades was the smallest. Therefore, compared with the tool steel and spring steel blades, the manganese steel blades showed excellent wear resistance.HighlightsThe wear characteristics of horizontal mixer blades with different materials were studied.The wear characteristics of the blades were studied under laboratory and working conditions.The effect of grain on the wear performance of the blades was studied by electron backscatter diffraction. Keywords: Blade, Grain, Horizontal mixer, Wear resistance, Wear test.

Microstructures and Wear Resistance of Iron-Based Protective Coatings by Supersonic Arc Spraying

2014 ◽  
Vol 670-671 ◽  
pp. 554-559
Author(s):  
Sheng Shou Li ◽  
Tian Quan Liang ◽  
Xian Fang Yang ◽  
Cui Hua Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Intermetallic Phase ◽  
Arc Spraying ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Wear Performance ◽  
Compound Coatings ◽  
Iron Based ◽  
Cored Wires

The characteristics in microstructure, surface morphology, chemical composition, hardness and wear resistance of the three protective iron-based compound coatings prepared by Supersonic Arc Spraying (HVAS), were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS) and Rockwell apparatus in this paper. It is indicated that the three coatings are typical layer and compact structures. The coatings are composed of Fe (s.s) phase and various kinds of ferric oxides, chrome carbides and/or intermetallic phase distributing along the interface of lamellar layers. More Cr and Ti, Al elements in the cored wires can degrease the diameter and alternate the morphologies of the holes in the coating, resulting from the formation of oxides, carbides and intermetallic phase during depositing the coating. The results indicate the SXTiAlC coating shows the most excellent wear performance among the three coatings. The wear behavior and mechanism are discussed.

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