Studies in the Dispersion of SRF Carbon Black in Butyl Rubber

1953 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
F. P. Ford ◽  
A. Y. Mottlau
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Photometric Analysis ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Degree Of Dispersion ◽  
Transmission Measurements ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Control Work ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Carbon Black Dispersion

Abstract A simple method is described for producing different degrees of carbon black dispersion in elastomers under controlled laboratory conditions. Careful selection of milling conditions has made possible the preparation of stocks possessing variations in degree of dispersion, comparable to the wide differences noted in practice. A new technique is described for studying these carbon black dispersions in rubber by means of the electron microscope. Such studies show large differences in degree of agglomeration of carbon black in compounds made under simple variations of conditions. Representative electron micrographs are shown. Good correlation is obtained between these micrographs and light transmission measurements of dilute solutions of the compounds. Such photometric analysis provides a simple method for the measurement of carbon black dispersion in research or control work. The observed differences in degree of dispersion have an effect on the physical properties of the unvulcanized compounds. This effect was observed by means of the parallel-plate plastometer. The viscosity values obtained with this instrument show a direct correlation with electron micrographic observations. Some of the practical and theoretical implications of this study are discussed with reference to recent work in this field by other investigators.

NMR of Reinforced Elastomers: Part II. The Influence of Carbon Black Dispersion

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 1095-1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Wardell ◽  
V. J. McBrierty ◽  
V. Marsland
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Average Quality ◽  
Degree Of Dispersion ◽  
Multiple Sampling ◽  
Polymer Formation ◽  
Specific Formulation ◽  
Carbon Black Dispersion

Abstract 1. NMR measurements can provide a fast and efficient monitor of the incorporation and dispersion of carbon black in a reinforced rubber compound. Tests can be carried out at all stages of processing, including masterbatch stock. 2. The technique provides a determination of the fraction of polymer which is bonded to the surface of the carbon black particles. Within a specific formulation, there is reasonably good correlation between the percentage of bonded polymer, determined by NMR, and the degree of dispersion of carbon black determined optically. 3. Bonded polymer formation is sensitive to carbon black type and to the nature of the host elastomer. In comparison of different formulations, there is no correlation between the fraction of bonded polymer and the dispersion of the black. However, carbon black-rubber attachments are fundamental to the phenomenon of reinforcement and, in this respect, NMR bonded-polymer measurements can provide a valuable probe for the investigation of reinforcement. 4. Samples taken from large internal mixers (capacity 200 kg) show that compound inhomogeneity on a gross scale necessitates multiple sampling in order to give an assessment of the average quality of the mix, irrespective of the technique used.

scholarly journals Light transmission measurements and phototherapy eyepatches.

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (1 Spec No) ◽  
pp. 59-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Robinson ◽  
M J Moseley ◽  
A R Fielder ◽  
S C Bayliss
Keyword(s):  
Light Transmission ◽  
Transmission Measurements

States of Carbon Black Dispersion and Extensibility of Rubbers

1993 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asahiro Ahagon
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Tensile Property ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Hydrodynamic Effect ◽  
Property Variation ◽  
Agglomerate Size ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
Confined Polymer ◽  
Carbon Black Dispersion

Abstract Analysis is made for the origin of the mixing-induced tensile property variation of a filled rubber. Attention is paid to the hydrodynamic effect f(ϕe) of the filler, defined here as the factor to adjust the deviation of 100% modulus from the theory of rubber elasticity. For the rubbers mixed under variety of conditions, the f(ϕe)'s are calculated from the observed values of the modulus, at 25°C and 100°C, and the crosslink density. The variation of the f(ϕe) is considered to be governed by the mobility of the polymer confined in agglomerates of the filler. The mobility variation due to mixing seems to be mainly influenced by agglomerate size at 25°C, and by agglomerate size and chemical constraints at 100°C. Therefore, the f(ϕe)'s at the two temperatures are suggested to be useful measures of the state of carbon-black micro-dispersion. The extensibility of the rubbers is closely related f(ϕe). This indicates that the failure property is also governed by the mobility of the confined polymer.

scholarly journals Selection of dancer member using simple additive weighting

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Adela ◽  
Kamarul Azmi Jasmi ◽  
Bushrah Basiron ◽  
Miftachul Huda ◽  
Andino Maseleno
Keyword(s):  
Community Life ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Unitary State ◽  
Simple Additive Weighting ◽  
Selection Of

Travel and dance form in Indonesia is closely related to the development of community life, both in terms of ethnic structure and within the scope of the unitary state. This study determines the criteria for selecting dancer members and how to apply the qualified Simple method. Based on predetermined criteria is the ability to dance physical flexibility, skilled, nimble, confident, have the ability, fill out the form, and certificate of achievement. From the results obtained values then V1, V2, V3, V4, V5 is a member of a qualified dancer and has a highest value with a score of 100 which was obtained from V2. 

scholarly journals Transoperative refusion: a simple and safe method in emergency surgery

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-296
Author(s):  
Luiz Carlos Buarque Gusmão ◽  
Sérgio Henrique Chagas Valoes ◽  
José da Silva Leitão Neto
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Blood Transfusions ◽  
Factor V ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
Clotting Factors ◽  
Blood Contamination ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

The objective is to reinforce the importance of blood reinfusion as a cheap, safe and simple method, which can be used in small hospitals, especially those in which there is no blood bank. Moreover, even with the use of devices that perform the collection and filtration of blood, more recent studies show that the cost-benefit ratio is much better when autologous transfusion is compared with blood transfusions, even when there is injury to hollow viscera and blood contamination. It is known that the allogeneic blood transfusion carries a number of risks to patients, among them are the coagulation disorders mediated by excess enzymes in the conserved blood, and deficiency in clotting factors, mainly the Factor V, the proacelerin. Another factor would be the risk of contamination with still unknown pathogens or that are not investigated during screening for selection of donors, such as the West Nile Fever and Creutzfeldt-Jacob, better known as "Mad Cow" disease. Comparing both methods, we conclude that blood autotransfusion has numerous advantages over heterologous transfusion, even in large hospitals. We are not against blood transfusions, just do not agree that the patient's own blood is discarded without making sure there will be enough blood in stock to get him out of the hemorrhagic shock.

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