Use of Nonblack Fillers in Tire Compounds

1996 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter H. Waddell ◽  
Larry R. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
The Road ◽  
Precipitated Silica

Abstract A variety of nonblack fillers are used in the rubber components of tires. Calcium carbonate, clay, precipitated silica, talc and titanium dioxide are used in white sidewall compounds to impart desired physical properties and appearance. Precipitated silica can be used in black sidewall compounds, including nonstaining EPDM black sidewalls, to significantly improve tear strength, cut-growth resistance and resistance to ozone aging. Precipitated silica is used extensively in wire coat compounds in conjunction with resorcinol and methylene donating resins, and can be used with organocobalt salts to improve adhesive properties, tear strength and cut-growth resistance. Calcium carbonate, clay, mica and talc are found in innerliner compounds, and precipitated silica can be used. Precipitated silica is used in the treads of off-the-road tires such as earthmover tires, in order to improve tear strength and cut-growth resistance. Clay and talc can be used in tire treads. Precipitated silica is also used in the treads of tires of vehicles used for highway driving, such as passenger cars and trucks, in order to reduce the rolling resistance and increase the wet traction of the tire. It is necessary to modify the surface of precipitated silica with a bifunctional organosilane coupling agent in order to maintain tire treadwear for highway vehicles. Figures 16 and 17 are pictorial summaries of the use of nonblack fillers and the benefits of using precipitated silica in the various components of tire compounds, respectively.

Prototype of Geocell from Natural Rubber: Effect of Dual-Phase Fillers on Physical Properties of Rubber Compounds Reinforced with Silica and Carbon Black

2017 ◽  
Vol 737 ◽  
pp. 572-577
Author(s):  
Sompatsorn Wongwilatnurak ◽  
Surakit Tuampoemsab ◽  
Rapeephun Dangtungee
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Dual Phase ◽  
Chemical Formula ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
The Road ◽  
Static Mechanical

Geocell, a type of the geosynthetics, is normally used to improve natural geomaterial properties and performance because of confinement and confinement force. This work was an attempt to apply the solid natural rubber (NR) for producing the prototype of geocell with reinforcing the pavement structure of the road. There are three parts of all work in research, which consist of finding the optimal chemical formula, designing and producing the prototype and civil engineering testing of flexible pavement components. This research has emphasized and focused on finding the optimal chemical formula for the prototype production. The effect of silica-carbon black (CB) dual-phase filler on physical properties in terms of only static mechanical tests of the prototype was investigated. The total amount of hybrid reinforcing filler was fixed at 60 phr while the silica/CB ratios were 0/60, 10/50, 20/40, 30/30 and 40/20, respectively. Cure characteristic of the NR compound and physical properties in terms of static mechanical tests such as hardness, tensile and tear strengths of the NR vulcanizates were carried out. The results showed that time to 90% cross-linked (TC 90), hardness and tensile strength of the vulcanized rubber were increased with the increasing of silica content but not for its tear strength. Dispersion of the dual-phase filler in the prototype was reduced when the higher amount of silica in the dual-phase filler was employed as proved by images from the scanning electron microscope. There was only 60 phr CB that was selected as the optimal chemical formula for prototype production as the result of tensile and tear strength.

Interaction between Carboxylated Nitrile Rubber and Precipitated Silica: Role of (3-Aminopropyl)Triethoxysilane

1996 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumanda Bandyopadhyay ◽  
P. P. De ◽  
D. K. Tripathy ◽  
S. K. De
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
Nitrile Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Precipitated Silica ◽  
Silica Filler ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Rubber Filler

Abstract On the basis of measurements of bound rubber and physical properties and the results of Monsanto rheometer, dynamic mechanical and infrared spectroscopic studies, it is observed that strong rubber-filler interaction occurs between XNBR and precipitated silica filler. During molding, XNBR was found to be crosslinked by the filler surface through the formation of primary bonds. The coupling agent, namely (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane facilitates the formation of rubber-filler bonds at the expense of filler-filler networks, leading to improved dispersion and enhanced degree of crosslinking.

Silica Properties/Rubber Performance Correlation. Carbon Black-Filled Rubber Compounds

1994 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy A. Okel ◽  
Walter H. Waddell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
The Road ◽  
Precipitated Silica ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
As Stress

Abstract The effectiveness of predicting rubber performance based on measured silica physical properties in silica- and carbon black-filled compounds is presented for three rubber formulations: an off-the-road tire tread, a wire coat stock and a V-belt. Correlation and regression analyses were performed using SAS software for sixteen physical properties of thirteen precipitated silicas, and sixteen rubber compound performance characteristics of the three compounds. Silica physical properties studied include various measurements of surface area and structure, particle size, pH and impurities. Rubber performance characteristics studied include cure properties and physical properties such as stress/strain, tear strength, cut growth resistance, abrasion resistance and heat build-up. The present study confirms that silica surface area is the single best predictor of the effect that varying silica physical properties have on the physical performance of cured, carbon black-filled rubber compounds containing precipitated silica. Silica structure, as measured by DBP absorption and nitrogen or mercury pore volume, is a secondary predictor of certain rubber physical properties. The confidence limits of the predictions is dependent upon the concentration of precipitated silica used in the carbon black-filled rubber compound.

Tire-Road Interactions — Harmony or Conflict?

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-84
Author(s):  
A. R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Water Drainage ◽  
The Road ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Tire Wear

Abstract This is a summary of work by the author and his colleagues, as well as by others reported in the literature, that demonstrate a need for considering a vehicle, its tires, and the road surface as a system. The central theme is interaction at the footprint, especially that of truck tires. Individual and interactive effects of road and tires are considered under the major topics of road aggregate (macroscopic and microscopic properties), development of a novel road surface, safety, noise, rolling resistance, riding comfort, water drainage by both road and tire, development of tire tread compounds and a proving ground, and influence of tire wear on wet traction. A general conclusion is that road surfaces have both the major effect and the greater potential for improvement.

Analyses on the Manufacture and Physical Properties of Electromagnetic Shielding/ Far Infrared Ray Nonwoven

2010 ◽  
Vol 97-101 ◽  
pp. 1790-1793
Author(s):  
Jia Horng Lin ◽  
Yu Tien Huang ◽  
Chin Mei Lin ◽  
Yi Chang Yang ◽  
Chien Teng Hsieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Far Infrared ◽  
Electromagnetic Shielding ◽  
Breaking Force ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Machine Direction ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Burst Strength ◽  
Far Infrared Ray ◽  
Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness

According to the results, when low melting polyester fiber increased to be 20%, the electromagnetic shielding/ far infrared ray nonwoven obtained the optimum burst strength, maximum breaking force and maximum tear strength, and they were as follows: burst strength was 4.2 kgf/cm2; maximum breaking force was 153.59 N in the cross machine direction and 70.80 N in the machine direction; maximum tear strength was 215.77 N in cross machine direction and 117.07 N in machine direction; and optimum electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) was 45 dB.

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