Effects of Salt Corrosion on the Adhesion of Brass Plated Steel Cord to Rubber

1986 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Ishikawa ◽  
Shinji Kawakami
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Corrosion Test ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Concentration Cell ◽  
Open Type ◽  
Salt Corrosion ◽  
Steel Cord ◽  
Brass Plating ◽  
Electrochemical Oxygen

Abstract Adhesion loss caused by salt corrosion is proposed to occur by the following process: 1) During a salt corrosion test, the NaCl solution rises in the cavity located at the steel-cord center. 2) An electrochemical oxygen concentration cell is formed. 3) OH− is produced by the reduction of oxygen. 4) An increase of the NaOH concentration causes the reverse of ion tendency between brass and steel. 5) Dezincification and dissolution of brass take place in the brass plating. The same process also occurs in the corrosion of a bare brass plated steel cord immersed in NaCl solution. Compounds containing cobalt stearate and a compound free from cobalt show adhesion deterioration by the process described above. Many other cobalt salts suppress the corrosion of brass in NaCl solution. At the same time, the underlying steel changes to become ignoble compared with brass, leading to the production of a large amount of rust. In view of the above considerations, it is desirable to remove the cavity located at the steel-cord center in order to suppress the steel-cord corrosion. Use of an open type of steel cord is useful in this respect.

scholarly journals Effects of Alloying Elements on the Corrosion Behavior of Sputter–deposited Zr–(12–21)Cr–W Alloys in 0.5 M NaCl Solution

1970 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
Basu Ram Aryal ◽  
Jagadeesh Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Test ◽  
Open Circuit Potential ◽  
Chemical Society ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Sputter Deposition ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Sputter Deposited ◽  
Stable Passivity ◽  
Zirconium Metal

The synergistic effect of the simultaneous additions of tungsten and zirconium in thesputter-deposited amorphous or nanocrystalline Zr-(12-21)Cr-W alloys is studied in 0.5 MNaCl solution open to air at 25°C using corrosion tests and open circuit potentialmeasurements. Corrosion rates of the sputter-deposited Zr-(12-21)Cr-W alloys containing10-80 at % tungsten (that is, 0.95-1.85 x 10-2 mm.y-1) are more than one order of magnitudelower than that of the sputter-deposited tungsten and even lower than those of zirconium aswell as chromium in 0.5 M NaCl solution. The addition of 8-73 at % zirconium content inthe sputter-deposited binary W-(12-21)Cr alloys seems to be more effective to improve thecorrosion-resistant properties of the sputter-deposited ternary Zr-Cr-W alloys containing12-21 at % chromium in 0.5 M NaCl solution. The sputter-deposited Zr-(17-21)Cr-W alloyscontaining an adequate amounts of zirconium metal showed the more stable passivity andshowed higher corrosion resistance than those of alloy-constituting elements in 0.5 M NaClsolution open to air at 25°C.Keywords: Zr-(12-21)Cr-W alloys, sputter deposition, corrosion test, open circuit potential,0.5 M NaCl.DOI:  10.3126/jncs.v25i0.3305Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Volume 25, 2010 pp 75-82

Experimental Studies on Pb-Bi Flow Technology and Steel Compatibility With Pb-Bi

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masatoshi Kondo ◽  
Minoru Takahashi ◽  
Susumu Yoshida ◽  
Naoki Sawada ◽  
Akira Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Oxide Layer ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Corrosion Test ◽  
Oxygen Sensor ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Pipe Wall ◽  
Steel Corrosion ◽  
Strength Test ◽  
Steel Matrix

For the development of the Pb-Bi cooled FBR and the ADS with Pb-Bi target, the compatibility of steels for core, structural and window materials with high temperature Pb-Bi is one of the critical issues. The effect of corrosion on the mechanical strength of steels should be also concerned. An oxide layer which is formed and self-healed on the steel surface in Pb-Bi is expected to improve the compatibility if oxide potential in Pb-Bi is controlled and monitored adequately to form stable oxide layer. Therefore, monitoring technology of oxygen concentration in Pb-Bi is required. In the present study, a performance test of oxygen sensor, a steel corrosion test and a steel mechanical strength test, or a pipe rupture test, were performed as follows: (1) Test of oxygen sensor: For the monitor of the oxygen potential in Pb-Bi, a thermal stress proof type oxygen sensor made of electrolyte conductor (MgO-ZrO2 and Y2O3-ZrO2) with the reference fluid of oxygen saturated bismuth was developed, and the performance test was conducted using the corrosion test loop. The performance was stable and reliable in the 1000-hour operation. The electromotive forces (EMF) of the sensor cells of MgO-ZrO2 and Y2O3-ZrO2 were nearly the same as each other, and they were not destructed during the 1000-operation. (2) Steel corrosion test: High Cr steels including heat resisting steels were exposed to a liquid Pb-Bi flow at the temperature of 550°C, the velocity of 1m/s, the oxygen concentration of 1.7×10−8wt% and the temperature difference of 150°C for 1000 and 500 hours. It was found that weight losses were lower in general in the steels with higher Cr content. The steels with high Cr, Si and Al formed thin oxide layers and exhibited better compatibility with Pb-Bi. (3) Steel mechanical strength test (pipe rupture test): Metallurgical analysis for ruptured pipe made of SS-316 was performed. The pipe had experienced the exposure to Pb-Bi at 400°C for 3440 hours, at 350°C for 4 hours, at 300°C for 50 hours, and at 250°C for 622 hours. Pipe rupture occurred possibly due to thermal expansion of Pb-Bi at heat-up processes. The results of the analysis indicated that Pb-Bi penetration to steel matrix occurred more seriously near the ruptured part than the other part of the pipe. The analytical result suggested that a brittle fracture might occur in the inner part of the ruptured pipe wall by liquid metal embrittlement because of Pb-Bi penetration, whereas dimples observed suggested that ductile fracture might occur in the outer part of the ruptured pipe wall.

Ice-Formation Expansion of Salt Solution and its Effect on Frost Damage of Concrete

2014 ◽  
Vol 633 ◽  
pp. 281-285
Author(s):  
Zu Quan Jin ◽  
Tie Jun Zhao ◽  
Song Gao ◽  
Su Yuan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Frost Damage ◽  
Corrosion Products ◽  
Ice Formation ◽  
Chloride Salt ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Damage Degree ◽  
Salt Corrosion ◽  
Deterioration Mechanism ◽  
Composite Solution ◽  
Air Entrained Concrete

In order to explain the deterioration mechanism of air entrained concrete subjected to freeze-thaw cycles in water, NaCl, Na2SO4 and composite solution, The damage of concrete and ice-formation expansion of salt corrosion solution are tested. The experimental results show that the damage degree of concrete under salt frost is NaCl solution>composite solution>water>Na2SO4 solution. Considering the chloride penetrated into concrete and following 2nd Fick’s Law, the ice-formation expansion resulted by NaCl solution in surface layer of concrete is higher than that in inner, and the expansion stress at outer layer is 1.73 times of that at inner layer according to the proposed function. The expansion stress difference between the internal and external layer causes spalling damage of concrete in chloride salt frost. The ice-formation expansion of Na2SO4 solution increases with its raising concentration and it is higher than that of NaCl solution at the same temperature. However, the corrosion products are ettringite and gypsum after sulfate salt frost, and the volume of solid corrosion products is barely change, or even reducible.

Examination of Rubber-Brass Inter-Reacted Layer of Steel Cord by Cross Sectional TEM Observation

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 1045-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Yamauchi ◽  
Toshi Shimizu ◽  
Mitch Doi ◽  
David Yasunaga ◽  
Takenori Nakayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interfacial Reaction ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Brass Plate ◽  
Steel Cord ◽  
Brass Plating

Abstract Cross sectional TEM observation was conducted with the aim of investigating the interfacial reaction of commercially manufactured steel cord and rubber during vulcanization. At the initial phase of the reaction, an inter-reacted layer was uniformly generated regardless of uneven brass thickness. As vulcanization progresses, the thickness of the interreacted layer becomes uneven, i.e. the thicker the brass plate, the thicker the inter-reacted layer becomes. Thus, the inter-reacted layer grows unevenly making a mirror image of the uneven brass plate, while a Zn-rich brass layer was formed between the brass plating and the inter-reacted layer.

scholarly journals Analysis of Corrosion Resistant Steel Coating Using Hot Dip Galvanization Method and Polarization / Tafel Test

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faris Abdullah ◽  
Prantasi Harmi Tjahjanti
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Test ◽  
Corrosion Resistant Steel ◽  
Resistant Steel ◽  
Galvanic Coating ◽  
Cast Aluminum ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Corrosion Attack ◽  
Corrosion Resistant ◽  
Steel Coating ◽  
Polarization Test

Hot Dip Galvanization (HDG) is a method of plating steel by immersing liquid zinc. However, in this study, HDG was tried by dipping steel in a solution of cast aluminum waste, after being coated with galvanizing and graphene. Furthermore, the corrosion test is carried out using the tafel or polarization test aid. The aim of this research is to protect the corrosion attack on steel by means of HDG in a solution of cast aluminum waste, after being coated with galvanizing and graphene. The solution in the tafel test used NaCl solution. The results obtained were the least corrosion attacks on steel with a galvanic coating and graphene. Meanwhile, HDG with cast aluminum waste is not significant to protect corrosion on steel.

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