Pigment Reinforcement

1929 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-420
Author(s):  
R. W. Lunn
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Energy Change ◽  
Mathematical Form ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
Energy Relationships ◽  
Total Energies

Abstract This paper considers the reinforcement of rubber by various agents, but the point of view is taken from a rather new position. As a result the familiar conclusions are reached, but the new aspect has some points of interest. The first thing is to define the meaning of the term “reinforcement”, and for the purpose of this paper it is used to indicate energy. The extension of rubber and its compounds involves the input of energy, which increases continuously to a maximum at which breakdown occurs. This paper is a consideration of the energy relationships between rubber and pigment under extension. A familiar way of comparing the reinforcing powers of rubber pigments is to compare the total energies of resilience of the compounds containing the pigments. Pigments are compared on a basis of equal volumes. The resilient energy figures compared are those of the whole compound. For the purpose of this investigation an attempt is made to analyze the total energy value and assign a certain proportion of it to the rubber and the remainder to the pigment. However, it must not be understood that the pigment as such has an energy value like rubber. The addition of pigment causes an energy change in the rubber compound which can be associated with that pigment. To make the idea clearer it may be useful to express it in an elementary mathematical form.

scholarly journals The Henon–Heiles system defined on Lie-algebraically deformed Galilei spacetime

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (13) ◽  
pp. 1750075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Daszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Control Parameter ◽  
Deformation Parameter ◽  
Initial Energy ◽  
Commutative Case ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Total Energies ◽  
Relativistic Spacetime

In this paper, we provide the Henon–Heiles system defined on Lie-algebraically deformed non-relativistic spacetime with the commutator of two spatial directions proportional to time. Particularly, we demonstrate that in such a model the total energy is not conserved and for this reason the role of control parameter is taken by the initial energy value [Formula: see text]. Besides, we show that in contrast with the commutative case, for chosen values of deformation parameter [Formula: see text], there appears chaos in the system for initial total energies [Formula: see text] below the threshold [Formula: see text].

Impact of dietary fiber energy on the calculation of food total energy value in the Brazilian Food Composition Database

2016 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 128-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabete Wenzel de Menezes ◽  
Fernanda Grande ◽  
Eliana Bistriche Giuntini ◽  
Tássia do Vale Cardoso Lopes ◽  
Milana Cara Tanasov Dan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Energy Value

scholarly journals Bolometric Light Curves of Symbiotic Novae

1992 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 435-438
Author(s):  
U. Mürset ◽  
H. Nussbaumer
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Light Curves ◽  
Classical Nova ◽  
Total Energies ◽  
Stellar Masses ◽  
Lower Limits ◽  
Nova Outburst

We determine bolometric light curves and total energies radiated away during the outburst of symbiotic novae. Time integrated lower limits to the total energy of 0.9×1046 <E[erg] < 7×1046 are found. Thus, the output is comparable to, or larger than the total energy production of a classical nova outburst. From the mass-luminosity relation we find the underlying stellar masses to be 0.5 < M/M⊙ < 1.1.

scholarly journals Perceived Usage Potential of Fast-Charging Locations

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Krause ◽  
Stefan Ladwig ◽  
Lotte Saupp ◽  
Denis Horn ◽  
Alexander Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Charging Time ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
Fast Charging ◽  
Business Perspective ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
User Perspectives ◽  
Model Point

Fast-charging infrastructure with charging time of 20–30 min can help minimizing current perceived limitations of electric vehicles, especially considering the unbalanced and incomprehensive distribution of charging options combined with a long perceived charging time. Positioned on optimal location from user and business perspective, the technology is assumed to help increasing the usage of an electric vehicle (EV). Considering the user perspectives, current and potential EV users were interviewed in two different surveys about optimal fast-charging locations depending on travel purposes and relevant location criteria. The obtained results show that customers prefer to rather charge at origins and destinations than during the trip. For longer distances, charging locations on axes with attractive points of interest are also considered as optimal. From the business model point of view, fast-charging stations at destinations are controversial. The expensive infrastructure and the therefore needed large number of charging sessions are in conflict with the comparatively time consuming stay.

scholarly journals Methods for the recovery of nutrients and energy from swine manure. 1. Biogas.

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
L. Boersma ◽  
E. Gasper ◽  
J.E. Oldfield ◽  
P.R. Cheeke
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Production System ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Pig Production ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Total Energy Input

The recovery of nutrients from pig manure (300 l/day discharged by 100 pigs) during digestion for biogas production amounted to 1435 kg N, 350 kg P and 490 kg K per year. When spread on the 15.26 ha of land required to grow the corn and soybean for the pig ration, each hectare would receive 94 kg N, 23 kg P and 32 kg K per year. The energy value of the recovered fertilizer represents 4.4% of the total energy input of the pig production system. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF EXTREME TRAIN RUNNING PARAMETERS ALONG A RAILWAY LINE SEGMENT

Transport ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Jonaitis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Parameters Optimization ◽  
Optimal Parameters ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Railway Line ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Motion Parameters

It is possible to select train‐car draft mass and traction vehicle parameters for technical speed νt along segment sk in such a way that unitary total energy consumption related to train‐car mass would be the lowest. Such running is called extreme running while traction vehicle parameters and train‐car mass are called optimal from the point of view of energy consumption. The optimization of traction vehicle parameters is possible if a mathematical traction vehicle model is added to the running program and then vehicle parameters are made variable and added to motion parameters as subsequent decision variables within train running program. Together with the train motion parameters optimization traction vehicle parameters should be optimized according to the criterion of unitary total energy consumption related to train‐car mass. Traction vehicle optimal parameters depend on train technical speed, length and profile of segment , as well as, on train‐car mass.

scholarly journals Bimodal optimization with constraints: Critical value of the constraint and post-critical configurations

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-124
Author(s):  
Teodor Atanackovic ◽  
Alexander Seyraniany
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Optimal Shape ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Critical Configurations ◽  
Bimodal Optimization ◽  
Elastic Column

By using a method based on Pontryagin?s principle, formulated in [13], and [14] we study optimal shape of an elastic column with constraints on the minimal value of the cross-sectional area. We determine the critical value of the minimal cross-sectional area separating bi from unimodal optimization. Also we study the post-critical shape of optimally shaped rod and find the preferred configuration of the bifurcating solutions from the point of view of minimal total energy.

scholarly journals Periodic table from the Baruton perspective: Some anomalies and spin correlation effect

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Bayri ◽  
fatih bulut ◽  
Serdar Altin
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Table ◽  
Spin Correlation ◽  
Electronic Configuration ◽  
Correlation Effect ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hartree Fock ◽  
Hund’S Rule ◽  
Total Energies ◽  
Madelung Rule

In this study, we have looked the periodic table from the Barut’s point of view and discussed the deviations from the Madelung rule. Expected, observed and computed total energies (Hartree-Fock and Gaussian) are given for two different (one for expected and the other one is observed) configurations of the Cr atom. The data shows that preferred electronic configuration for the Cr is 4s13d5 not 4s23d4 as dictated by the Madelung rule. This event may be due to the spin correlation effect which is closely related to the Hund’s rule.

Radiation Resistance of Rubber Compound for Gasket

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuyuki Nakano ◽  
Haruko Sasaki ◽  
Harumi Ono
Keyword(s):  
Silicone Rubber ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Safety Concern ◽  
Radiation Condition ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Current Generation ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Detail Design ◽  
Design Basis Accident

Seals of small and medium modular reactors are considered as not important components compared with seals for the large modular reactors which are current-generation plants. Leakage of seals has been a safety concern, however seal maintenance and replacement are costly and time consuming for the current-generation plants. Therefore, integral designs of small and medium modular reactors eliminate the need for seals. However it is impossible to eliminate seals completely from the detail design and equipments. Seals consisting of organic materials are estimated as serious damaged components at design basis accident (DBA). Especially it is no exaggeration to say that rubber gaskets are weakest gasket at DBA. In the point of view we must know about behavior of rubber deterioration under condition at DBA. It is very important to select rubber compound from a viewpoint of not only adequate rubber that has characteristic required for each specification but also consideration about rubber deterioration under condition at normal plant operation and DBA. However rubber for gasket has not been selected based on precise studies with enough data concerned about the rubber deterioration because there have been less studies in the world. From compression set test, swelling test, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis, it has been indicated that chemical structure of both Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) and Silicone rubber might be broken by radiation, and crosslinking of elastomer by radiation might progress at the same time. In fact, EPDM compounds have good results of compression set after radiation exposure and Silicone rubber does not have good results. It had been predicted that breakage and crosslinking of elastomer chemical structure caused by radiation would have been more serious on Silicone rubber. On the other hand, it has been estimated that breakage of chemical structure of Fluoro-rubber is more influenced by crosslinking of elastomer by radiation, than influence by low molecular elastomer caused by deterioration have been generated. From these results it is considered that Fluoro-rubber is weak against radiation compared to another elastomer. If Fluoro-rubber must be chosen because of its high thermal resistance for example, a radiation condition of environment should be considered seriously. Unfortunately we could not find significant correlation between compression set and general properties. However results of elongation at breakage indicates possibility of relationship to compression set.

JACOBI ELLIPTIC MONOPOLE–ANTIMONOPOLE PAIR SOLUTIONS

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (26) ◽  
pp. 1250148 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROSY TEH ◽  
PEI-YEN TAN ◽  
KHAI-MING WONG
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Higgs Field ◽  
Elliptic Functions ◽  
Finite Energy ◽  
Generalized Solutions ◽  
Winding Number ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Total Energies ◽  
Map Solution

We present new classical generalized Jacobi elliptic one monopole–antimonopole pair (MAP) solutions of the SU(2) Yang–Mills–Higgs theory with the Higgs field in the adjoint representation. These generalized 1-MAP solutions are solved with θ-winding number m = 1 and ϕ-winding number n = 1, 2, 3,…,6. Similar to the generalized Jacobi elliptic one monopole solutions, these generalized 1-MAP solutions are solved by generalizing the large distance behavior of the solutions to the Jacobi elliptic functions and solving the second order equations of motion numerically when the Higgs potential is vanishing (λ = 0) and nonvanishing (λ = 1). These generalized 1-MAP solutions possess total energies that are comparable to the total energy of the 1-MAP solution with winding number m = 1. However these total energies are significantly lower than the total energy of the 1-MAP solution with winding number m = 2. All these new generalized solutions are regular numerical finite energy non-BPS solutions of the Yang–Mills–Higgs field theory.

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