scholarly journals Increased nitrogen enrichment and shifted patterns in the world’s grassland: 1860–2014

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongting Xu ◽  
Hanqin Tian ◽  
Shufen Pan ◽  
Shree R. S. Dangal ◽  
Jian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Southern Asia

Abstract. As the largest sector on the Earth’s land surface, the livestock system is not only a major contributor to global manure excreta that perturbs the global nutrient balance, but also a major emitter of greenhouse gases that warms the climate. Much attention has been paid to nitrogen (N) fertilizer and manure N applications to global croplands, however, there is still a lack of spatially-explicit estimates of continuous time-series datasets of manure and fertilizer N inputs in global grasslands. In this study, we therefore developed three global gridded datasets at a resolution of 0.5 degree × 0.5 degree for the period 1860–2014 (i.e., annual manure N deposition rate, synthetic N fertilizer use rate, and manure N application rate) by combining annual and 5-arc minute spatial data on pasture and rangeland with country-level manure and synthetic fertilizer N data from the Food and Agricultural Organization database (FAOSTAT). We found that total N inputs, sum of manure N deposition, manure and fertilizer N application to global grassland systems increased from 15.5 to 103.8 Tg N yr−1 during 1860–2014. Manure N deposition accounted for 83.7 % of the total N inputs, whereas manure and fertilizer N application accounted for 7.7 % and 8.6 %, respectively, during 2000–2014. At the regional scale, hotspots of manure N deposition remained the same during 1860–2014 (i.e., southern Asia, Africa, and South America), but hotspots of manure and fertilizer N application have shifted from Europe to southern Asia in the early 21st century. These three datasets could fill data gaps of N inputs in global and regional grasslands and serve as input drivers for ecosystem and biogeochemistry models to investigate the impacts of N enrichment on the global grassland system, greenhouse gas emissions, and environmental sustainability. Datasets available at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.892940.

scholarly journals Increased nitrogen enrichment and shifted patterns in the world's grassland: 1860–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongting Xu ◽  
Hanqin Tian ◽  
Shufen Pan ◽  
Shree R. S. Dangal ◽  
Jian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Livestock Manure ◽  
N Application ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Total N ◽  
Southern Asia

Abstract. Production and application to soils of manure excreta from livestock farming significantly perturb the global nutrient balance and result in significant greenhouse gas emissions that warm the earth's climate. Despite much attention paid to synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizer and manure N applications to croplands, spatially explicit, continuous time-series datasets of manure and fertilizer N inputs on pastures and rangelands are lacking. We developed three global gridded datasets at a resolution of 0.5∘ × 0.5∘ for the period 1860–2016 (i.e., annual manure N deposition (by grazing animals) rate, synthetic N fertilizer and N manure application rates), by combining annual and 5 arcmin spatial data on pastures and rangelands with country-level statistics on livestock manure, mineral and chemical fertilizers, and land use information for cropland and permanent meadows and pastures. Based on the new data products, we estimated that total N inputs, the sum of manure N deposition, manure N application and fertilizer N application to pastures and rangelands, increased globally from 15 to 101 Tg N yr−1 during 1860–2016. In particular during the period 2000–2016, livestock manure N deposition accounted for 83 % of the total N inputs, whereas manure and fertilizer N application accounted 9 % and 8 %, respectively. At the regional scale, hotspots of manure N deposition remained largely similar during the period 1860–2016 (i.e., southern Asia, Africa and South America); however, hotspots of manure and fertilizer N application shifted from Europe to southern Asia in the early 21st century. The new three global datasets contribute to the filling of the previous data gaps of global and regional N inputs in pastures and rangelands, improving the abilities of ecosystem and earth system models to investigate the global impacts of N enrichment due to agriculture, in terms of associated greenhouse gas emissions and environmental sustainability issues. Datasets are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.892940.

CROP UTILIZATION OF PLACED AND BROADCAST 15N-UREA FERTILIZER UNDER ZERO AND CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. CARTER ◽  
D. A. RENNIE
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N

Growth chamber and field studies were conducted to assess the relative utilization of placed and broadcast 15N-urea by spring wheat. The field studies were conducted on zero and conventional (shallow) tillage systems, of 4-yr duration, located on Chernozemic soils at two locations in Saskatchewan. Placement below the seeding depth in comparison to broadcast application, generally reduced fertilizer N immobilization and increased fertilizer N uptake, recovery, and efficiency. Under moisture stress, placed applications were effective in enhancing dry matter yield and total N uptake. It is concluded that fertilizer N placement for these two contrasting tillage systems should be identical, thus some soil disturbance under zero tillage may be necessary to achieve optimum crop use of applied fertilizer N. The dominant N transformation processes and possible tillage induced differences, in regard to methods of N application, are discussed. Key words: Placed and broadcast N application, N efficiency, N utilization, 15N-urea, zero tillage, soil moisture

EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON NITROGEN FRACTIONS AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF SPRING WHEAT

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. DUBETZ ◽  
E. E. GARDINER ◽  
D. FLYNN ◽  
A. IAN DE LA ROCHE
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Protein Fractions ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Fractions

Grain from hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum ’Neepawa’) grown with nine rates of N fertilizer (0–400 kg/ha) was analyzed for total N, non-protein N (NPN), and amino acids. In addition, the amino acid compositions of the various soluble protein fractions were determined. The percentages of total N, NPN, and protein N of the grain increased with each 50-kg increment of N up to the 150-kg rate. The proportions of glutamate, proline, and phenylalanine in the seed increased whereas threonine, serine, glycine, alanine, and valine decreased with the first three or four increments of N fertilizer. With increasing N content in the seed, the proportions of albumin, globulin, and glutenin 2 decreased while the proportions of gliadin and glutenin 1 increased. The various protein fractions differed from each other in amino acid composition but the amino acid composition of each fraction was not influenced significantly by N application.

STANDARD ISOTOPE VERSUS NITROGEN BALANCE CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE EFFICIENCY OF NITROGEN SOURCES FOR BARLEY

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. RENNIE ◽  
D. A. RENNIE
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Plant System ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Solonetzic Soil ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Nitrogen balance (fertilizer N accounted for in the soil–plant system) and standard isotope (obtained on above-ground plant parts) criteria were used to evaluate the efficiency of nitrogen sources for barley grown on a Chernozemic and a Solonetzic soil under greenhouse conditions. The isotope criteria, percent total N in the plant tissue derived from fertilizer (% N d.f.f.), "A" values, and uptake of fertilizer N by the crop, clearly indicated the superiority, in terms of plant availability, of the NO3−-N source, followed by NH4+-N, with urea the least effective. In contrast, loss of nitrogen from the soil–plant system was greatest for the NO3−-N and least for the urea (i.e., 67 vs. 26% on the Solonetzic soil). Such conflicting results can be explained on the basis of slow hydrolysis of the urea and rapid plant uptake of N from the NO3−-N form. It is concluded that, although isotope-derived criteria such as % N d.f.f., A values, and uptake by the crop of fertilizer N provide precise measurements of the performance of N sources, serious errors in causative factors may be made unless "nitrogen balance" data are available. The significance of primary and corrected (rate of fertilizer N application corrected for fertilizer N loss) A values are discussed.

The effect of stubble management and N-fertilization practices on the nitrogen economy under intensive rice cropping

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Bacon ◽  
LG Lewin ◽  
JW McGarity ◽  
EH Hoult ◽  
D Alter
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N

The fate of 15N-labelled fertilizer applied to rice (Oryza sativa L) was studied in microplots established within two field experiments comprising a range of stubble levels, stubble management techniques, N application rates and times. The first experiment investigated uptake of soil and fertilizer N in plots where application of 0 or 100 kg N ha-1 to the previous rice crop had produced 11.5 and 16.1 t ha-1 of stubble respectively. The stubble was then treated in one of four ways-burn (no till); burn then cultivated; incorporated in autumn or incorporated at sawing. Microplots within these large plots received 60 kg ha-1 of 5% 15N enriched urea at sowing, just prior to permanent flood (PF), or just after panicle initiation (PI) of the second crop. The second experiment was undertaken within a field in which half of the plots had stubble from the previous three rice crops burned, while the other plots had all stubble incorporated. In the fourth successive rice crop, the two stubble management systems were factorially combined with three N rates (0, 70 or 140 kg N ha-1) and three application times (PF, PI or a 50 : 50 split between PF and PI). Nitrogen uptake and retention in the soil were studied within 15N-labelled microplots established within each of these large plots. Only 4% of the 15N applied at sowing in the first experiment was recovered in the rice crop, while delaying N application to PF or PI increased this to an average of 20% and 44% respectively over the two experiments. The doubling of N application rate doubled fertilizer N uptake and also increased uptake of soil N at maturity by 12 kgN ha-1. Three years of stubble incorporation increased average uptake of fertilizer and soil N in the second experiment by 5 and 12 kg N ha-1 respectively. In both experiments, the soil was the major source of N, contributing 66-96% of total N uptake. On average, in the fourth crop, 20% of fertilizer N was in the grain, 12% in the straw and 3% in the roots, while 23% was located in the top 300 mm of soil. A further 3% was in the soil below 300 mm. The remaining 39% was lost, presumably by denitrification.

N2 fixation by soybeans grown with different levels of mineral nitrogen, and the fertilizer replacement value for a following crop

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Goss ◽  
A. de Varennes ◽  
P. S. Smith ◽  
J. A. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Response Curve ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

A field experiment was established to study the impact of added mineral N on the prediction of N2 fixation by soybean, and the consequences for the nature of any N credit that might be used to modify fertilizer recommendations to a following non-fixing crop. Nodulating and non-nodulating isolin es of soybean were grown with five rates of N fertilizer, and in a second year corn was grown in the same plots and its yield compared with a response curve. Yield, total N content, amount of N derived from soil, and fertilizer utilization of the nodulating isoline of soybean were not affected by fertilizer N. In contrast, mineral N inhibited nodulation and led to a decrease in the amount of N fixed. The balance of N in the soil was more negative for lower levels of applied N, but by the following spring the amount of mineral N in the soil was the same in all plots. The yield of corn was greater in the plots that had grown nodulating soybean than the non-nodulating isoline. The N fertilizer replacement value of 25 (8 kg N ha-1 resulted from a greater amount of root residues in the nodulating soybean, together with a C:N ratio that would favour faster mineralization than in the non-nodulating isoline. Key words: Corn, mineral N, N credit, fixation, soybean

Influence of soil type, crop management and weather on the recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer applied to winter wheat in spring

1992 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Powlson ◽  
P. B. S. Hart ◽  
P. R. Poulton ◽  
A. E. Johnston ◽  
D. S. Jenkinson
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Percentage Loss

SUMMARY15N-labelled fertilizer was applied, in spring, to winter wheat crops in nine experiments in eastern England over a period of 4 years. Five were on Batcombe Series silty clay loam, two on Beccles Series sandy clay loam (with a mole-drained clay subsoil) and two on Cottenham Series sandy loam. In three of the experiments, different rates of fertilizer N were applied (up to 234 kg N/ha); in the others, a single rate (between 140 and 230 kg/ha) was used.Recovery of fertilizer N in the above-ground crop (grain, chaff, straw and stubble) ranged from 46 to 87% (mean 68%). The quantity of fertilizer N retained in the soil at harvest was remarkably constant between different experiments, averaging 18% where labelled N was applied as 15NH415NO3, but less (7–14%) where K16NO3 was applied. Of the labelled N present in soil to a depth of 70 cm, 84–88% was within the cultivated layer (0–23 cm).L70 = 5(± 1 63) + 0·264(±00352) R3accounted for 73% of the variation in the data where: L70 = percentage loss of fertilizer N from the crop: soil system, defined as percentage of labelled N not recovered in crop or in soil to a depth of 70 cm at the time of harvest; R3 = rainfall (in mm) in the 3 weeks following application of N fertilizer.There was a tendency for percentage loss of fertilizer N to be greater when a quantity of N in excess of that required for maximum grain yield was applied. However, a multiple regression relating loss both to rainfall and to quantity of N applied accounted for no more variance than the regression involving rainfall alone. In one experiment, early and late sowing were compared on the first wheat crop that followed oats. The loss of N from the early-sown crop, given fertilizer N late in spring, was only 4% compared with 26 % from the later-sown crop given N at the same time, so that sowing date had a marked effect on the loss of spring-applied fertilizer N.Uptake of unlabelled N, derived from mineralization of organic N in soil, autumn-applied N (where given) and from atmospheric inputs, was < 30 kg/ha on a low organic matter (0·08% total N) sandy soil but > 130 kg/ha when wheat followed potatoes or beans on soil containing c. 0·15 % total N. Unlabelled N accounted for 20–50% of the total N content of fertilized crops at harvest. About 50% of this unlabelled N had already been taken up by the time of fertilizer application in spring and the final quantity was closely correlated with the amount present in the crop at this time. Applications of labelled fertilizer N tended to increase uptake of unlabelled N by 10–20 kg/ha, compared to controls receiving no N fertilizer. This was probably due to pool substitution, i.e. labelled inorganic N standing proxy for unlabelled inorganic N that would otherwise have been immobilized or denitrified.

Study on Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency of Flue-Cured Tobacco with 15N Tracing Technique

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 520-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mao Mao Hou ◽  
Xiao Hou Shao ◽  
Li Hua Chen ◽  
Ting Ting Chang ◽  
Wei Na Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Irrigation Amount ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Application ◽  
Tobacco Plants ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency

Abstract. Raising nitrogen utilization efficiency could not only cut the fertilizer costs, but also reduce the N loss and residual, which benefits a lot to agricultural production and environmental protection. In this experiment, the 15N tracing technique was employed in order to clear the accumulation and whereabouts of fertilizer N in flue-cured tobacco plants, besides, the tobaccos were treated by six different water-nitrogen modes, for the sake of finding out the best design with the highest nitrogen utilization efficiency. The results showed that more N application contributed to more fertilizer N accumulation, also increased the content of total N; Excess irrigation restrained the tobacco plants' absorption of fertilizer N, ultimately leading to the low utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer; After apex pruning, the N offering ability of the soil was much stronger than that of nitrogen fertilizer, and the fertilizer N accounts a relatively small part for the total N in tobacco plants, the highest nitrogen utilization efficiency was 24.16%, recorded in the design of 800mm irrigation amount and 6g/plant pure N application(T2), Meanwhile, the agronomic characters and crop yield was observed, tobaccos in T2 design performed better than the average level of field-cultivated tobaccos, the conclusions could be obtained that T2 design was preferable, which achieved the highest nitrogen utilization efficiency when ensured the normal growth and good harvest of flue-cured tobacco.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates can be Lowered without Compromising Cotton Yield under Drip Irrigation System

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (03) ◽  
pp. 709-714
Author(s):  
Tao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Drip Irrigation System ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Xinjiang Of China

The effects of reducing N fertilizer use on soil NO3--N content and cotton yield were studied through a three-year (2015 to 2017) field experiment in South Xinjiang of China. Cotton was sown under drip irrigation system using five N fertilizer reduction treatments as: conventional N application rate (N100), N application rate reduced by 16.67% (N-16.67), 33.33% (N-33.33), 50% (N-50), and 100% (N-100). The data were recorded for changes in soil NO3--N content, and the SPAD value of cotton leaves was recorded at the peak bolling stage. The total N content of the plant was recorded at the boll formation stage, while yield was recorded at maturity. The results revealed that the soil NO3--N content in N-16.67, N-33.33, N-50, and N-100 treatments decreased by 10.8, 45.5, 60.7 and 72.3% compared to N100 treatment, respectively. The SPAD values of N-16.67 and N-33.33 treatments were significantly higher than those of N100 treatment, while the SPAD values of N-50 and N-100 treatments were significantly decreased. The total N content of cotton was significantly decreased with the increase in the proportion of N fertilizer reduced. The seed cotton yield in N-16.67 and N-33.33 treatments increased by 9.2 and 7.9% compared to the N100 treatment, respectively. However, the cotton yield decreased significantly when the N application rate was reduced by 50 and 100%. The relationship between the N fertilizer reduction rate and cotton yield suggested that the N application rate can be reduced by 18.47–45.50% without compromising the cotton yield in South Xinjiang of China. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Effects of Nitrogen Management on Garlic Yield, Economic Benefit and Soil Apparent Nutrient Balance

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 883-887
Author(s):  
Luji Bo ◽  
Yingpeng Zhang ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Jiafa Luo ◽  
Ming Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Economic Benefit ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Management ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Garlic Bulb ◽  
Apparent Nutrient Balance

An experiment was conducted on garlic (Allium sativum L.) to investigate the effects of nitrogen management on yield, economic benefit and the soil apparent nutrient balance, in the region of Laiwu town in Shandong province, China. The treatments included control (no N fertilizer), urea at 300 kg/ha, urea at 240 kg/ha, combined urea and commercial organic fertilizers at 120 kg N /ha each, and controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer at 192 kg N /ha. Results showed no significant difference both for garlic bulb yield and economic benefits between the urea treatments at different N application rates. The effect of the combined use of urea and organic fertilizer was similar to that of the urea application at the same N application rate. However, garlic bulb yields in the treatment of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer were significantly higher than in the other fertilizer treatments, even the N application rate was lower. The net income from garlic in the treatment of controlled release fertilizer was also significantly higher than those in the other treatments. There was N surplus after the garlic growth season when urea was applied at 300 kg/ha, while there was N, P and K deficit when the controlled-release N fertilizer at 192 kg/ha was used to produce more garlic. It is suggested that use of controlled release N fertilizer combined with a supplement of other nutrients would be a sustainable strategy for fertilizer management in garlic production.

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