STANDARD ISOTOPE VERSUS NITROGEN BALANCE CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE EFFICIENCY OF NITROGEN SOURCES FOR BARLEY

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. RENNIE ◽  
D. A. RENNIE
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Plant System ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Solonetzic Soil ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Nitrogen balance (fertilizer N accounted for in the soil–plant system) and standard isotope (obtained on above-ground plant parts) criteria were used to evaluate the efficiency of nitrogen sources for barley grown on a Chernozemic and a Solonetzic soil under greenhouse conditions. The isotope criteria, percent total N in the plant tissue derived from fertilizer (% N d.f.f.), "A" values, and uptake of fertilizer N by the crop, clearly indicated the superiority, in terms of plant availability, of the NO3−-N source, followed by NH4+-N, with urea the least effective. In contrast, loss of nitrogen from the soil–plant system was greatest for the NO3−-N and least for the urea (i.e., 67 vs. 26% on the Solonetzic soil). Such conflicting results can be explained on the basis of slow hydrolysis of the urea and rapid plant uptake of N from the NO3−-N form. It is concluded that, although isotope-derived criteria such as % N d.f.f., A values, and uptake by the crop of fertilizer N provide precise measurements of the performance of N sources, serious errors in causative factors may be made unless "nitrogen balance" data are available. The significance of primary and corrected (rate of fertilizer N application corrected for fertilizer N loss) A values are discussed.

CROP UTILIZATION OF PLACED AND BROADCAST 15N-UREA FERTILIZER UNDER ZERO AND CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. CARTER ◽  
D. A. RENNIE
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N

Growth chamber and field studies were conducted to assess the relative utilization of placed and broadcast 15N-urea by spring wheat. The field studies were conducted on zero and conventional (shallow) tillage systems, of 4-yr duration, located on Chernozemic soils at two locations in Saskatchewan. Placement below the seeding depth in comparison to broadcast application, generally reduced fertilizer N immobilization and increased fertilizer N uptake, recovery, and efficiency. Under moisture stress, placed applications were effective in enhancing dry matter yield and total N uptake. It is concluded that fertilizer N placement for these two contrasting tillage systems should be identical, thus some soil disturbance under zero tillage may be necessary to achieve optimum crop use of applied fertilizer N. The dominant N transformation processes and possible tillage induced differences, in regard to methods of N application, are discussed. Key words: Placed and broadcast N application, N efficiency, N utilization, 15N-urea, zero tillage, soil moisture

The effect of stubble management and N-fertilization practices on the nitrogen economy under intensive rice cropping

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Bacon ◽  
LG Lewin ◽  
JW McGarity ◽  
EH Hoult ◽  
D Alter
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N

The fate of 15N-labelled fertilizer applied to rice (Oryza sativa L) was studied in microplots established within two field experiments comprising a range of stubble levels, stubble management techniques, N application rates and times. The first experiment investigated uptake of soil and fertilizer N in plots where application of 0 or 100 kg N ha-1 to the previous rice crop had produced 11.5 and 16.1 t ha-1 of stubble respectively. The stubble was then treated in one of four ways-burn (no till); burn then cultivated; incorporated in autumn or incorporated at sawing. Microplots within these large plots received 60 kg ha-1 of 5% 15N enriched urea at sowing, just prior to permanent flood (PF), or just after panicle initiation (PI) of the second crop. The second experiment was undertaken within a field in which half of the plots had stubble from the previous three rice crops burned, while the other plots had all stubble incorporated. In the fourth successive rice crop, the two stubble management systems were factorially combined with three N rates (0, 70 or 140 kg N ha-1) and three application times (PF, PI or a 50 : 50 split between PF and PI). Nitrogen uptake and retention in the soil were studied within 15N-labelled microplots established within each of these large plots. Only 4% of the 15N applied at sowing in the first experiment was recovered in the rice crop, while delaying N application to PF or PI increased this to an average of 20% and 44% respectively over the two experiments. The doubling of N application rate doubled fertilizer N uptake and also increased uptake of soil N at maturity by 12 kgN ha-1. Three years of stubble incorporation increased average uptake of fertilizer and soil N in the second experiment by 5 and 12 kg N ha-1 respectively. In both experiments, the soil was the major source of N, contributing 66-96% of total N uptake. On average, in the fourth crop, 20% of fertilizer N was in the grain, 12% in the straw and 3% in the roots, while 23% was located in the top 300 mm of soil. A further 3% was in the soil below 300 mm. The remaining 39% was lost, presumably by denitrification.

Study on Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency of Flue-Cured Tobacco with 15N Tracing Technique

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 520-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mao Mao Hou ◽  
Xiao Hou Shao ◽  
Li Hua Chen ◽  
Ting Ting Chang ◽  
Wei Na Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Irrigation Amount ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Application ◽  
Tobacco Plants ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency

Abstract. Raising nitrogen utilization efficiency could not only cut the fertilizer costs, but also reduce the N loss and residual, which benefits a lot to agricultural production and environmental protection. In this experiment, the 15N tracing technique was employed in order to clear the accumulation and whereabouts of fertilizer N in flue-cured tobacco plants, besides, the tobaccos were treated by six different water-nitrogen modes, for the sake of finding out the best design with the highest nitrogen utilization efficiency. The results showed that more N application contributed to more fertilizer N accumulation, also increased the content of total N; Excess irrigation restrained the tobacco plants' absorption of fertilizer N, ultimately leading to the low utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer; After apex pruning, the N offering ability of the soil was much stronger than that of nitrogen fertilizer, and the fertilizer N accounts a relatively small part for the total N in tobacco plants, the highest nitrogen utilization efficiency was 24.16%, recorded in the design of 800mm irrigation amount and 6g/plant pure N application(T2), Meanwhile, the agronomic characters and crop yield was observed, tobaccos in T2 design performed better than the average level of field-cultivated tobaccos, the conclusions could be obtained that T2 design was preferable, which achieved the highest nitrogen utilization efficiency when ensured the normal growth and good harvest of flue-cured tobacco.

scholarly journals Increased nitrogen enrichment and shifted patterns in the world's grassland: 1860–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongting Xu ◽  
Hanqin Tian ◽  
Shufen Pan ◽  
Shree R. S. Dangal ◽  
Jian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Livestock Manure ◽  
N Application ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Total N ◽  
Southern Asia

Abstract. Production and application to soils of manure excreta from livestock farming significantly perturb the global nutrient balance and result in significant greenhouse gas emissions that warm the earth's climate. Despite much attention paid to synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizer and manure N applications to croplands, spatially explicit, continuous time-series datasets of manure and fertilizer N inputs on pastures and rangelands are lacking. We developed three global gridded datasets at a resolution of 0.5∘ × 0.5∘ for the period 1860–2016 (i.e., annual manure N deposition (by grazing animals) rate, synthetic N fertilizer and N manure application rates), by combining annual and 5 arcmin spatial data on pastures and rangelands with country-level statistics on livestock manure, mineral and chemical fertilizers, and land use information for cropland and permanent meadows and pastures. Based on the new data products, we estimated that total N inputs, the sum of manure N deposition, manure N application and fertilizer N application to pastures and rangelands, increased globally from 15 to 101 Tg N yr−1 during 1860–2016. In particular during the period 2000–2016, livestock manure N deposition accounted for 83 % of the total N inputs, whereas manure and fertilizer N application accounted 9 % and 8 %, respectively. At the regional scale, hotspots of manure N deposition remained largely similar during the period 1860–2016 (i.e., southern Asia, Africa and South America); however, hotspots of manure and fertilizer N application shifted from Europe to southern Asia in the early 21st century. The new three global datasets contribute to the filling of the previous data gaps of global and regional N inputs in pastures and rangelands, improving the abilities of ecosystem and earth system models to investigate the global impacts of N enrichment due to agriculture, in terms of associated greenhouse gas emissions and environmental sustainability issues. Datasets are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.892940.

scholarly journals Increased nitrogen enrichment and shifted patterns in the world’s grassland: 1860–2014

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongting Xu ◽  
Hanqin Tian ◽  
Shufen Pan ◽  
Shree R. S. Dangal ◽  
Jian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Southern Asia

Abstract. As the largest sector on the Earth’s land surface, the livestock system is not only a major contributor to global manure excreta that perturbs the global nutrient balance, but also a major emitter of greenhouse gases that warms the climate. Much attention has been paid to nitrogen (N) fertilizer and manure N applications to global croplands, however, there is still a lack of spatially-explicit estimates of continuous time-series datasets of manure and fertilizer N inputs in global grasslands. In this study, we therefore developed three global gridded datasets at a resolution of 0.5 degree × 0.5 degree for the period 1860–2014 (i.e., annual manure N deposition rate, synthetic N fertilizer use rate, and manure N application rate) by combining annual and 5-arc minute spatial data on pasture and rangeland with country-level manure and synthetic fertilizer N data from the Food and Agricultural Organization database (FAOSTAT). We found that total N inputs, sum of manure N deposition, manure and fertilizer N application to global grassland systems increased from 15.5 to 103.8 Tg N yr−1 during 1860–2014. Manure N deposition accounted for 83.7 % of the total N inputs, whereas manure and fertilizer N application accounted for 7.7 % and 8.6 %, respectively, during 2000–2014. At the regional scale, hotspots of manure N deposition remained the same during 1860–2014 (i.e., southern Asia, Africa, and South America), but hotspots of manure and fertilizer N application have shifted from Europe to southern Asia in the early 21st century. These three datasets could fill data gaps of N inputs in global and regional grasslands and serve as input drivers for ecosystem and biogeochemistry models to investigate the impacts of N enrichment on the global grassland system, greenhouse gas emissions, and environmental sustainability. Datasets available at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.892940.

scholarly journals Effects of nitrogen on accumulation and partitioning of dry matter and nitrogen of vegetables. 2. Leek

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-446
Author(s):  
H. Biemond
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Age ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
Final Harvest

Two greenhouse and 2 field trials were carried out on leeks cv. Albana with different N fertilizer rates and application dates. Observations included frequent measurements of DM and N accumulation in leaf blades, leaf sheaths and, if present, scapes. Both the amount of N applied and the time of application affected the total accumulation of DM and N in the plant. The relative partitioning rates of DM increase to the shaft were affected in such a way that the final harvest indices for DM (which ranged from 0.32 to 0.53) were significantly lower at higher N application rates. The final harvest indices for N (0.21-0.35) were not significantly affected by amount or timing of fertilizer applications. The total N concentrations of leaf blades and leaf sheaths decreased with increasing leaf age. Average nitrate N concentrations over all plant parts were always below 40%.

Total nitrogen concentration in leaves of potatoes (Solanum tuberosumL.) as an index of nutritional status

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gupta ◽  
M. C. Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Total Nitrogen Concentration

SummaryLeaf samples were collected, at weekly intervals, throughout the growing season, from potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) plants supplied with varying amounts of nitrogen (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N/ha) and analysed for total N. Application of nitrogen increased the N concentration in the green leaves at all stages of growth. There was a significant curvilinear relationship between the final tuber yield and the total N concentration in the leaves at 48–90 days after planting in 1968–9 and at 79–107 days after planting in 1969–70. The N concentration at 70–90 days after planting was consistently related to the final tuber yield in both years. Thus this period was ideal for assessing the nitrogen status of potato plants. The critical concentration of total nitrogen generally decreased with advance in age. It ranged from 4·65% at 76 days to 3·30% at 90 days during 1968–9, whereas in 1969–70 it ranged from 4·20% at 79 days to 3·80% at 93 days. During the period from 83 to 86 days the critical percentage was around 3·6% in both the years.

Determination of Unconjugated and Total N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol (NAPA) in Urine and Serum

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel P M Heirwegh ◽  
Johan Fevery
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Azo Dye ◽  
Acidic Medium ◽  
Diazonium Salt ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Total N ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Urine And Serum

Abstract A sensitive and accurate method is described for the determination of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (NAPA) and its metabolites in urine and serum. In strongly acidic medium, p-aminophenol (PAP) resulting from differential extraction and acid hydrolysis of total NAPA and unconjugated NAPA, is diazotized and the diazonium salt coupled with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine (NED) in the presence of ethanol. The blue azo dye formed is determined spectrophotometrically. Application to liver disease is briefly reported.

A simple procedure using trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid for monitoring proteolysis in cheese

1988 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Polychroniadou
Keyword(s):  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Amino Groups ◽  
Total N ◽  
Cheese Ripening ◽  
Amino Acid Solutions ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Good Agreement

SummaryA simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric assay was developed and evaluated for monitoring proteolysis during cheese ripening, based on the fact that α-amino groups released by hydrolysis of cheese proteins react with trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid to form products that absorb strongly at 420 nm. A linear relationship was shown to exist between A420 and concentration of free α amino groups up to 0·5 HIM (r = 0·999, 38 df, P < 0·001). Repeatability of the method was satisfactory. The coefficient of variance was 0·53% for amino acid solutions and 1·19% for cheese extracts. Average recovery of glycine added to the cheese was 104 ± 2·9%. A comparison of the above method with that of determination of water-soluble N to total N ratio showed that there was good agreement between these two methods of assessment of proteolysis in cheese (r = 0·857, 32 df, P < 0·001). Mainly Feta and Teleme cheese were examined, but a similar correlation was obtained with hard Greek cheeses. Analytical conditions of the procedure are discussed.

scholarly journals Symbiotic capability of calopo rhizobia from an agrisoil with different crops in Pernambuco

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 869-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Altanys Silva Calheiros ◽  
Mario de Andrade Lira Junior ◽  
Débora Magalhães Soares ◽  
Márcia do Vale Barreto Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
Symbiotic Efficiency ◽  
Total N ◽  
Calopogonium Mucunoides ◽  
Legume Symbiosis ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

Biological nitrogen fixation by rhizobium-legume symbiosis represents one of the most important nitrogen sources for plants and depends strongly on the symbiotic efficiency of the rhizobium strain. This study evaluated the symbiotic capacity of rhizobial isolates from calopo (CALOPOGONIUM MUCUNOIDES) taken from an agrisoil under BRACHIARIA DECUMBENS pasture, sabiá (MIMOSA CAESALPINIIFOLIA) plantations and Atlantic Forest areas of the Dry Forest Zone of Pernambuco. A total of 1,575 isolates were obtained from 398 groups. A single random isolate of each group was authenticated, in randomized blocks with two replications. Each plant was inoculated with 1 mL of a bacterial broth, containing an estimated population of 10(8) rhizobial cells mL-1. Forty-five days after inoculation, the plants were harvested, separated into shoots, roots and nodules, oven-dried to constant mass, and weighed. Next, the symbiotic capability was tested with 1.5 kg of an autoclaved sand:vermiculite (1:1) mixture in polyethylene bags. The treatments consisted of 122 authenticated isolates, selected based on the shoot dry matter, five uninoculated controls (treated with 0, 50, 100, 150, or 200 kg ha-1 N) and a control inoculated with SEMIA 6152 (=BR1602), a strain of BRADYRHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM The test was performed as described above. The shoot dry matter of the plants inoculated with the most effective isolates did not differ from that of plants treated with 150 kg ha-1 N. Shoot dry matter was positively correlated with all other variables. The proportion of effective isolates was highest among isolates from SABIÁ forests. There was great variation in nodule dry weight, as well as in N contents and total N.

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