The potential of spice oils in the control of mycotoxin producing fungi

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sarla Juglal
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Active Component ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Overlay Technique ◽  
Inhibitory Potential ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Agar Overlay Technique ◽  
Staple Diet

Spice oils are known to exhibit antifungal activity and therefore have the potential to control mycotoxin production. There is a need in the food industry to find measures to control mycotoxins that are frequently associated with grains that form the staple diet of the majority of the population in South Africa. Clove, cinnamon, oregano, tumeric, eucalyptus, neem, aniseed, mace and nutmeg oils were tested to determine their inhibitory potential against growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and Fusarium moniliforme using the agar overlay technique. Varying concentrations of the spice oils, ranging from 0.1 ppm to 2.0 ppm, were incorporated into broth cultures of A. parasiticus and maize patty cultures ofF. moniliforme. Levels of production of aflatoxins and fumonisin were determined using standard thin layer chromatography and highpressure liquid chromatography methods. In addition, the active component of the spice oils were isolated, characterised and tested. The inhibitory potential of these compounds for field use was tested by incorporating clove oil, whole cloves and ground cloves in samp

Spice Oils for the Control of Co-Occurring Mycotoxin-Producing Fungi

2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. JUGLAL ◽  
R. GOVINDEN ◽  
B. ODHAV
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Social Implication ◽  
Cinnamic Aldehyde ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi

The effect of nine different oils was evaluated on the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and Fusarium moniliforme. The experimental design to examine the inhibition of mycotoxins involved the incorporation of each of seven oils into broth and patty cultures. The fungal mycotoxin was identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Clove oil (eugenol) was the most inhibitory to the growth of A. parasiticus and F. moniliforme, followed by cinnamon (cinnamic aldehyde), oregano (thymol and carvacol) and mace oils (myristin). Neem and eucalyptus oil (cineole) did not affect fungal growth. The feasibility of implementing the results of this study to control mycotoxin toxicity was examined by costoring whole and ground cloves with mycotoxin-infected grain. Addition of both whole and ground cloves markedly reduced the aflatoxin contamination of the grain. These results clearly suggest that commonly occurring mycotoxigenic fungi can be controlled with clove oil (eugenol), thus spice oil successfully inhibited the growth of A. parasiticus and F. moniliforme, regulated the production of fumonisins, and prevented the formation of aflatoxins. The social implication of this finding is that rural communities can prevent the formation of fungal toxins in contaminated grain by simple measures.

EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF AFLATOXIN ON BRICK CHEESE1

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 585-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. N. Shih ◽  
E. H. Marth
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Experimental Production ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Plastic Containers ◽  
Chloroform Methanol

Brick cheese was placed in plastic containers and all surfaces except the top were sealed with wax. The top was inoculated with Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus and cheese was incubated in a humid chamber at 7.2, 12.8, and 23.9 C for up to 14 weeks after mold growth was evident. After incubation each cheese was cut horizontally into four layers, each approximately 1 cm thick. Each layer of cheese was extracted with a monophasic-biphasic solvent system (chloroform, methanol, and water). The extract was purified, concentrated, and aflatoxins were measured by thin-layer chromatography and fluorometry. No aflatoxins were produced by either mold at 7.2 C. At 12.8 C, A. parastticus developed aflatoxins B1 and G1 after 1 week of incubation. Aflatoxin produced by this mold persisted through 4 weeks of storage and then was not detectable. Aspergillus flavus did not form aflatoxin at 12.8 C. Both molds produced aflatoxin on cheese at 23.9 C; A. parasiticus did so after 1 week and A. flavus after 14 weeks. In some instances, aflatoxin was found in cheese 4 cm from the surface. It is reasonable to assume that cheese will not become contaminated with aflatoxin if the food is held at or below 7 C.

scholarly journals Bioguided Fractionation ShowsCassia alataExtract to InhibitStaphylococcus epidermidisandPseudomonas aeruginosaGrowth and Biofilm Formation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Takashi Saito ◽  
Danielle da Silva Trentin ◽  
Alexandre José Macedo ◽  
Cristina Pungartnik ◽  
Grace Gosmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract ◽  
Overlay Technique ◽  
Agar Overlay Technique

Plant extracts have a long history to be used in folk medicine.Cassia alataextracts are known to exert antibacterial activity but details on compounds and mechanism of action remain poorly explored. We purified and concentrated the aqueous leaf extract ofC. alataby reverse phase-solid phase extraction and screened the resulting CaRP extract for antimicrobial activity. CaRP extract exhibited antimicrobial activity forPseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcus epidermidis,S. aureus, andBacillus subtilis. CaRP also inhibited biofilm formation ofS. epidermidisandP. aeruginosa. Several bacterial growth-inhibiting compounds were detected when CaRP extract was fractionated by TLC chromatography coupled to bioautography agar overlay technique. HPLC chromatography of CaRP extract yielded 20 subfractions that were tested by bioautography for antimicrobial activity againstS. aureusandS. epidermidis. Five bioactive fractions were detected and chemically characterized, using high-resolution mass spectrometry (qTOF-MS/MS). Six compounds from four fractions could be characterized as kaempferol, kaempferol-O-diglucoside, kaempferol-O-glucoside, quercetin-O-glucoside, rhein, and danthron. In theSalmonella/microsome assay CaRP showed weak mutagenicity (MI<3) only in strain TA98, pointing to a frameshift mutation activity. These results indicate thatC. alataleaf extract contains a minimum of 7 compounds with antimicrobial activity and that these together or as single substance are active in preventing formation of bacterial biofilm, indicating potential for therapeutic applications.

Aspergillus parasiticus Growth and Aflatoxin Synthesis on Florunner Peanuts Grown in Gypsum-Supplemented Soil

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 593-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
CINDY L. C. REDING ◽  
MARK A. HARRISON ◽  
CRAIG K. KVIEN
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Calcium Supplementation ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Five levels of gypsum supplementation (0, 550, 1100, 2200, and 4400 kg ha−1) were applied to peanut fields 35 d after planting. After the growing season, peanuts were harvested, ground, and inoculated with 1 × 107 Aspergillus parasiticus (NRRL 5139) conidia. After 14 d at 25°C, aflatoxin was extracted and quantified by thin-layer chromatography. Fungal growth was assayed using a modified chitin assay. Peanuts from gypsum-supplemented fields at each level of supplementation supported significantly less aflatoxin production when compared to control peanuts (no calcium supplementation). Results from the chitin assay showed a decrease in fungal biomass which correlated with the decreased aflatoxin synthesis.

scholarly journals Screening of in vitro antiviral activity of purified terpenoid extracts of selected sea weeds against chikungunya virus

2020 ◽  
pp. 320-324
Author(s):  
Sabira Siraj Sumayya ◽  
Abdulhadeef Shereefa Lubaina ◽  
Kumaraswamy Murugan
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Kappaphycus Alvarezii ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Hypnea Musciformis ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Inhibitory Potential ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Currently, the search of novel phytochemicals with unique biological potentialities is a pre-requisite for the designing ideal drugs for the human kind. Sea weeds are bioresources with a broad spectrum of medicinal properties with minimal side effects. Kerala, the Southern state of India reported high incidence of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections in the last several tears. No specific virucidal therapy or effective vaccines are available. This emphasizes the need of searching for phytochemicals as drugs with less cost and more effective. Therefore, an attempt was made in screening purified terpenoid extracts of selected sea weeds as anti-CHIKV potential. In this study the terpenoids composition from the red algae Hypnea musciformis, Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gracillaria dura were identified and analyzed by thin layer chromatography and Gas chromatography- Mass spectrum. The methanolic extract of seaweeds was purified by column chromatography and each fraction was eluted by using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate as solvent combination. The analysis of the purified fraction of H. musciformis and K. alvarezii revealed the presence of 8 terpenoid fractions, and G. dura showed only 4 major components respectively. Vero cell lines were employed in the antiviral assays, infected to CHIKV, and treated with varied doses of purified terpenoid extracts. In the antiviral activity, terpenoid extracts of G. dura showed remarkable and promising EC50 inhibitory effect at 1.25 μg/ml. Further, the terpenoid extracts displayed efficient virucidal activity against CHIKV (inhibit around 90%) with 5 μg/ml dosage. As the last phase, terpenoid extracts added at time intervals of 0, 1, 2, 3 post-infection periods still maintained a significant inhibitory potential against CHIKV viral replication. Thus, the overall study suggests that the terpenoid extracts of G. dura may be effectively used in the prevention and treatment of CHIKV infections. Clinical studies may be warranted for designing a promising new anti-CHIKV drug.

scholarly journals Advances in the Total Synthesis of Aflatoxins

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liyan Yang ◽  
Zhonglei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Total Synthesis ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Asymmetric Syntheses ◽  
Total Syntheses ◽  
The Past ◽  
Aspergillus Nomius ◽  
Aflatoxin B

Abstract: Aflatoxins, which are produced by Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus nomius, and Aspergillus parasiticus, are a group of pentacyclic natural products with difuran and coumarin skeletons. They mainly include aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, and M2. Biologically, aflatoxins are of concern to human health as they can be present as contaminants in food products. The unique skeletons of aflatoxins and their risk to human health have led to the publication of nine remarkable total syntheses (including three asymmetric syntheses) and ten formal total syntheses (including four asymmetric formal syntheses) of aflatoxins in the past 55 years. To better understand the mechanism of the biological activity of aflatoxins and their presence in samples from the food industry, this review summarizes progress in the total synthesis of aflatoxins.

scholarly journals Carotenoids Extracted from Promising Clones of Criolla Potato (Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja) for Food Industry

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-116
Author(s):  
G. Leyton-Forero et al
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Commercial Variety ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Color Intensity ◽  
Carotenoid Concentration ◽  
Natural Pigments ◽  
Spatial Coordinates ◽  
Synthetic Colorants ◽  
Layer Chromatography

The carotenoids are natural pigments that contribute to the replacement of the synthetic colorants which are still used in food industry. With this aim, the carotenoids from 15 promising clones and one commercial variety, named Yema de Huevo, of Criolla potato (Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja) supplied by Corpoica were extracted and evaluated. The tubers lyophilized for 72 h by triplicate, and their carotenoids extracted with acetone and hexane. Absorbance of the supernatants obtained after centrifuging measured using spectrophotometry at intervals of 3 nm. Presence of carotenoids was also confirmed by thin layer chromatography. Absorbance values showed a presence of lutein-5, 6-epoxide in clones 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 15, and α-carotene in clones 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, and commercial variety. The promising clones 11, 12 and 14 were selected due to their higher carotenoid concentration. Their carotenoids extracted were evaluated their stability under different pH, temperature, and light conditions. A decrease in the color intensity was observed at 13.5 and 1.0 pH. There were not significant changes of color intensity at 50 and 70 °C temperatures. This carotenoids exposure to the light displayed a decrease in the absorbance. After, a commercial colorless yogurt was dyed with the selectedcarotenoids. Carotenoids from promising clone 14 showed higher pigmentation according to the spatial coordinates CIELAB of L*48.66 a*-1.65 b*5.63.Accepted for publication: August 15, 2013.

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