Medezeggenschap in historisch perspectief: wat kunnen we ervan leren?

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Kees Looise
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Employment Relations ◽  
Organization Studies ◽  
Early Form ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Worker Participation

Worker participation in a historical perspective: what can we learn from it? In contrast to prevailing views in industrial relations and organization studies (e.g. Kaufman, 2014), employment relations and worker participation are not phenomena that go back to the start of the Industrial Revolution, but are of much older origin. As wage labor developed on a large scale already in the late Middle Ages, employment relations and worker participation developed since that time as well. In this contribution four forms of early worker participation are presented: the ship council, the journeymens' associations (in relation to the guilds), the early form of labor actions and organization and the printers chapels. The aim of the contribution is in the first place to enlarge the knowledge and awareness about these until now largely unknown forms of worker participation. And in the second place to distract insights from these early forms regarding the genesis, the development and (conditions for) the functioning of worker participation that can contribute to further theory development of the field. Based on the descriptions of the early forms of worker participation insights could be formulated regarding the existence of worker participation, motives for worker participation, forms of worker participation and the role of government and regulation in the development and shaping of worker participation.

scholarly journals Pervasive Arctic lead pollution suggests substantial growth in medieval silver production modulated by plague, climate, and conflict

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (30) ◽  
pp. 14910-14915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. McConnell ◽  
Nathan J. Chellman ◽  
Andrew I. Wilson ◽  
Andreas Stohl ◽  
Monica M. Arienzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Lead Pollution ◽  
Lower Growth

Lead pollution in Arctic ice reflects large-scale historical changes in midlatitude industrial activities such as ancient lead/silver production and recent fossil fuel burning. Here we used measurements in a broad array of 13 accurately dated ice cores from Greenland and Severnaya Zemlya to document spatial and temporal changes in Arctic lead pollution from 200 BCE to 2010 CE, with interpretation focused on 500 to 2010 CE. Atmospheric transport modeling indicates that Arctic lead pollution was primarily from European emissions before the 19th-century Industrial Revolution. Temporal variability was surprisingly similar across the large swath of the Arctic represented by the array, with 250- to 300-fold increases in lead pollution observed from the Early Middle Ages to the 1970s industrial peak. Superimposed on these exponential changes were pronounced, multiannual to multidecadal variations, marked by increases coincident with exploitation of new mining regions, improved technologies, and periods of economic prosperity; and decreases coincident with climate disruptions, famines, major wars, and plagues. Results suggest substantial overall growth in lead/silver mining and smelting emissions—and so silver production—from the Early through High Middle Ages, particularly in northern Europe, with lower growth during the Late Middle Ages into the Early Modern Period. Near the end of the second plague pandemic (1348 to ∼1700 CE), lead pollution increased sharply through the Industrial Revolution. North American and European pollution abatement policies have reduced Arctic lead pollution by >80% since the 1970s, but recent levels remain ∼60-fold higher than at the start of the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals Active Enactment and Virtuous Circles of Employment Relations: How Danish Unions Organised the Transnationalised Copenhagen Metro Construction Project

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 682-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Arnholtz ◽  
Bjarke Refslund
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Scale Construction ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Employment Relations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Power Resources ◽  
Labour Market Regulation

Transnational workers on large-scale construction projects are often poorly included in national industrial relations systems, which results in employment relations becoming trapped in vicious circles of weak enforcement and precarious work. This article shows how Danish unions have, nonetheless, been successful in enacting existing institutions and organising the construction of the Copenhagen Metro City Ring, despite initially encountering a highly fragmented, transnational workforce and several subcontracting firms that actively sought to circumvent Danish labour-market regulation. This is explained by the union changing their organising and enforcement strategies, thereby utilising various power resources to create inclusive strategies towards transnational workers. This includes efforts to create shared objectives and identity across divergent groups of workers and actively seeking changes in the public owners’ attitude towards employment relations.

scholarly journals Industrial Relations and Labour Management and Productivity: The Imperative for Sustainable Development in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
Ojo O.O. ◽  
Adedayo A.M.
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Industrial Productivity ◽  
Labour Management

Industrial relations, labour management and productivity have their roots in the industrial revolution which created the modern labour relationship by spawning large-scale industrial organizations. As society wrestled with these massive economic and social changes, labour problems aroused coupled with societal reconstruction challenges. Premised on this background, this paper is set to discuss the conceptual meaning of labour and industrial relations, assess the roles and prospects of labour in Nigeria, examine the consequential effects of labour-industrial relations and examine challenges of labour productivity and management in Nigeria. The paper also discusses some frameworks for labour-industrial relations. It focuses attention on the changing structure of the labour environment and the rise of precarious working conditions orchestrated by various unrests and acrimonies from nonchalant attitudes and behaviours of government and private sectors towards labour/workers’ welfare and patronage. The data for this study were collected through secondary sources. The secondary data were obtained from textbooks, journals, newspapers, internet materials and literature from academic journals in relation to the subject studied. The study adopted Industrial Relations Theory as a theoretical framework. The paper concludes that labour and industrial relations are part of the critical factors and are tools in advancing industrial productivity and attaining sustainable development in Nigeria.

The European Guilds

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheilagh Ogilvie
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Women Migrants ◽  
Work Skills ◽  
The Common ◽  
Economic Reasoning ◽  
European Economies

Guilds ruled many crafts and trades from the Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution, and have always attracted debate and controversy. They were sometimes viewed as efficient institutions that guaranteed quality and skills. But they also excluded competitors, manipulated markets, and blocked innovations. Did the benefits of guilds outweigh their costs? Analyzing thousands of guilds that dominated European economies from 1000 to 1880, this book uses vivid examples and clear economic reasoning to answer that question. The book features the voices of honourable guild masters, underpaid journeymen, exploited apprentices, shady officials, and outraged customers, and follows the stories of the “vile encroachers”—women, migrants, Jews, gypsies, bastards, and many others—desperate to work but hunted down by the guilds as illicit competitors. It investigates the benefits of guilds but also shines a light on their dark side. Guilds sometimes provided important services, but they also manipulated markets to profit their members. They regulated quality but prevented poor consumers from buying goods cheaply. They fostered work skills but denied apprenticeships to outsiders. They transmitted useful techniques but blocked innovations that posed a threat. Guilds existed widely not because they corrected market failures or served the common good, but because they benefited two powerful groups—guild members and political elites. The book shows how privileged institutions and exclusive networks shape the wider economy—for good or ill.

Institutional developments, standards and river quality: a UK history and some lessons for industrialising countries

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. M. Johnstone ◽  
N. J. Horan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Process Manufacturing ◽  
Treatment And Disposal ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Developed World

From the middle ages until the early part of the nineteenth century the streets of European cities were foul with excrement and filth to the extent that aristocrats often held a clove-studded orange to their nostrils in order to tolerate the atmosphere. The introduction in about 1800 of water-carriage systems of sewage disposal merely transferred the filth from the streets to the rivers. The problem was intensified in Britain by the coming of the Industrial Revolution and establishment of factories on the banks of the rivers where water was freely available for power, process manufacturing and the disposal of effluents. As a consequence the quality of most rivers deteriorated to the extent that they were unable to support fish life and in many cases were little more than open sewers. This was followed by a period of slow recovery, such that today most of these rivers have been cleaned with many having good fish stocks and some even supporting salmon. This recovery has not been easy nor has it been cheap. It has been based on the application of good engineering supported by the passing and enforcement of necessary legislation and the development of suitable institutional capacity to finance, design, construct, maintain and operate the required sewerage and sewage treatment systems. Such institutional and technical systems not only include the disposal of domestic sewage but also provisions for the treatment and disposal of industrial wastewaters and for the integrated management of river systems. Over the years a number of institutional arrangements and models have been tried, some successful other less so. Although there is no universally applicable approach to improving the aquatic environment, many of the experiences encountered by the so-called developed world can be learned by developing nations currently attempting to rectify their own aquatic pollution problems. Some of these lessons have already been discussed by the authors including some dangers of copying standards from the developed world. The objective of this paper is to trace the steps taken over many years in the UK to develop methods and systems to protect and preserve the aquatic environment and from the lessons learned to highlight what is considered to be an appropriate and sustainable approach for industrialising nations. Such an approach involves setting of realistic and attainable standards, providing appropriate and affordable treatment to meet these standards, establishment of the necessary regulatory framework to ensure enforcement of the standards and provision of the necessary financial capabilities to guarantee successful and continued operation of treatment facilities.

Workers without Borders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Employment Relations ◽  
Regulatory Enforcement ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Key Topics ◽  
National Models ◽  
Management Power ◽  
Exit Options ◽  
Two Sectors

This book addresses the complexities of transnational posted work through three key topics. First, it examines how the de-territorialization of national models and employment relations systems opens up exit options for management, enabling them to use the regulatory framework creatively and at a disadvantage for workers. Second, it discusses how re-territorialization, or resistance, is possible within these spaces. Third, the book analyzes the contours of the new structure for employment relations that emerges within the pan-European labor market and its implications for worker voice, regulatory enforcement, and management power. The research presented in this book is based on a qualitative and multilevel case study approach. It examines how posted workers and actors involved in the posting relationship actually utilize and experience the European posting framework by focusing on the experiences of transnational posted workers. This distinguishes the book from macro- and national-focused approaches in comparative political economy and industrial relations by zooming in on the workplace dynamics in a transnational setting. The window to how posted workers experience intra-EU mobility is Germany and the two sectors where posting is most prevalent: the construction and meat slaughtering industries.

The First Industrial Revolution

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-43
Author(s):  
Jonathan Scott
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Factory Production

This chapter concerns the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution involved the transformation of organic economies by means of a complex of changes which gave birth to the modern world. In Europe, East Asia, and elsewhere those economies were agricultural. Thus the chapter discusses the replacement of an economy 80 per cent of the output of which might have been agricultural by another in which manufacturing became the dominant sector. This involved a transition in the scale of manufacturing from artisanal to large-scale workshop and then factory production. In Britain, that entailed technological innovation, but it would not have been possible in the first place without prior sustained changes in the rest of the economy and society.

scholarly journals The influence of collective employment relations on work accommodation: case studies in Estonia, Hungary and Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Märt Masso ◽  
Deborah Foster ◽  
Liina Osila ◽  
Balázs Bábel ◽  
Jan Czarzasty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Employment Relations ◽  
Action Research Project ◽  
Reasonable Accommodations ◽  
Social Partners ◽  
Disabled Employees ◽  
Work Accommodation ◽  
Work Accommodations

Work accommodations are generally understood to refer to individual solutions for older and disabled employees that have been tailored to their specific situation within a workplace. This article, however, argues that there is potential for collective employment relations to motivate and enable social partners to develop a role in implementing reasonable accommodations and supporting older and disabled employees in the labour market. Focusing on industrial relations and work accommodation systems in Estonia, Poland and Hungary, the potential role that social partners could play in creating more inclusive workplaces is explored. This is done by reference to the findings from an action research project that brought together social partners to discuss ways in which practices in providing work accommodations could help better to integrate underutilised sources of labour in these three countries. The industrial relations regimes in the three countries have potentially enabling characteristics that could facilitate work accommodations. Current knowledge of the work accommodation process and the integration of this issue into the collective employment relations agenda, however, needs further improvement.

scholarly journals SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AS A FACTOR OF ACCELERATING ECONOMIC GROWTH IN RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 230 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-244
Author(s):  
E.B. LENCHUK ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Technological Basis ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
The World ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth ◽  
Scientific And Technological Development

The article deals with the modern processes of changing the technological basis of the world economy on the basis of large-scale transition to the use of technologies of the fourth industrial revolution, shaping new markets and opens up prospects for sustainable economic growth. It is in the scientific and technological sphere that the competition between countries is shifting. Russia remains nearly invisible player in this field. The author tried to consider the main reasons for such a lag and identify a set of measures of state scientific and technological policy that can give the necessary impetus to the scientific and technological development of Russia.

scholarly journals I višap armeni. Appunti per una storia della ricezione

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Gilibert
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Political Messages ◽  
Complex Sequence ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
Third Millennium Bce ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unknown Point

Vishaps are large-scale prehistoric stelae decorated with animal reliefs, erected at secluded mountain locations of the South Caucasus. This paper focuses on the vishaps of modern Armenia and traces their history of re-use and manipulations, from the end of the third millennium BCE to the Middle Ages. Since their creation at an unknown point in time before 2100 BCE, vishaps functioned as symbolic anchors for the creation and transmission of religious and political messages: they were torn down, buried, re-worked, re-erected, transformed and used as a surface for graffiti. This complex sequence of re-contextualisations underscores the primacy of mountains as political arenas for the negotiation of religious and ritual meaning.

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