Role of Wood Extractives in Black Liquor Corrosiveness

CORROSION ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 911-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Hazlewood ◽  
P. M. Singh ◽  
J. S. Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Extractive Content ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Black Liquors

Abstract In the pulp and paper industry, variability in the process and wood source may result in highly corrosive waste liquors, called black liquors, from the Kraft pulping process. Prior research has demonstrated corrosion rates of carbon steel in pulp mill equipment ranging from <0.03 mm/y to >2.54 mm/y, depending on the wood species pulped. In this study wood species-dependent corrosion is confirmed and age-dependent corrosion is investigated as a function of organic extractive content. The composition of the organic portion of black liquor depends largely on the wood species used. Organic components come from extractives in the wood chips or are generated from the degradation of lignin and other wood constituents during the pulping process. Depending upon the wood species used, some black liquor constituents have been identified to increase the corrosiveness of black liquors whereas others may act as corrosion inhibitors. Our research demonstrates the importance of operational parameters for wood species and wood chip usage and delivery to downstream process corrosion. Further, results show the importance of water-extracted organics in wood, such as long chain fatty acids, using a novel methodology for the separation of extractives and lignin breakdown products in the testing of black liquor corrosiveness with carbon steel A516-Grade 70 (UNS K02700).

Desilication of bamboo for pulp production

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 743-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
TROY M. RUNGE ◽  
SCOTT PAUL
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Treatment ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
High Silica ◽  
Pulp Properties ◽  
Dermis Layer

Bamboo is one of the world’s fastest growing feedstocks. It is a promising nonwood resource that can be used in the pulp and paper industry. Among more than 1200 species of bamboo, the timber varieties can be processed much like trees, allowing current pulp mill logistical systems to be used. Bamboo can be difficult to pulp because of its high silica content, which creates issues for black liquor recovery. This study compares two methods of reducing the silica content of a common species of timber bamboo. Specifically, the dermis layer of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) was removed through mechanical treatment and then chipped. The same species was also chipped without treatment. The two chipped materials were then alkali extracted and subjected to kraft pulping experiments. The pulps were bleached with an OD0(EP)D1 sequence. The material was then refined and formed into handsheets. The results indicate that 80% of the silica could be removed from the bamboo material through a combination of dermal mechanical treatment and caustic chip extraction. Caustic chip extraction removed a significant portion of hemicellulose materials, which in turn lowered cooking yields but had minimal effect on pulp properties.

Review of Some Data on Corrosion of Stainless Steel and Higher Alloys in Pulp Mill Equipment

CORROSION ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
Harold C. Templeton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Good Resistance ◽  
Green Liquor ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Alkaline Pulping ◽  
Mill Equipment

Abstract Allowable corrosion rates for equipment with low corrosion tolerance are discussed. Corrosion case histories in the various pulping processes are presented. Sulfite pulping solutions are most frequently-handled in 316 material. Stainless 316 is used because of good resistance to local attack under scale or deposits. In alkaline pulping, soda process digesters are usually made of carbon steel with heater tubing of either carbon steel or Type 316 alloy. Kraft digesters are commonly carbon steel, though many units are partially to wholly lined with alloy materials. Type 316 most frequently. Stainless 316 is used for heater piping, strong black liquor piping and green liquor piping. Carbon steel is most frequently used for weak black liquor. Corrosion in groundwood pulping varies greatly depending on wood being ground, water supply and treating chemicals added. Stainless 304 and 316 alloys are used frequently, both to resist corrosion and reduce contamination. Chlorine and hypochlorite bleaching usually pose severe corrosion problems. Hastelloy C alloy is most commonly used for high strength solutions. In more dilute solutions the molybdenum-bearing. stainless steels are satisfactory. Chlorine dioxide is even more corrosive to metals than hypochlorite, and some operators have replaced Hastelloy C with titanium. 8.5.3

scholarly journals Bioremediation of Agro-Based Pulp Mill Effluent by Microbial Consortium Comprising Autochthonous Bacteria

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virendra Kumar ◽  
Purnima Dhall ◽  
Rita Kumar ◽  
Yogendra Prakash Singh ◽  
Anil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Black Liquor ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Paper Mills

Small-scale agro-based pulp and paper mills are characterized as highly polluting industries. These mills use Kraft pulping process for paper manufacturing due to which toxic lignified chemicals are released into the environment. Lack of infrastructure, technical manpower, and research and development facilities restricts these mills to recover these chemicals. Therefore, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the emanating stream is quite high. For solving the above problem, four bacteria were isolated from the premises of agro-based pulp and paper mill which were identified as species ofPseudomonas, Bacillus, Pannonibacter, andOchrobacterum. These bacteria were found capable of reducing COD up to 85%–86.5% in case of back water and 65-66% in case of back water : black liquor (60 : 40), respectively, after acclimatization under optimized conditions (pH 6.8, temperature 35°C, and shaking 200 rpm) when the wastewater was supplemented with nitrogen and phosphorus as trace elements.

scholarly journals Degradation and polymerization of black liquor lignin using Bacillus sp. isolated from a pulp mill

BioResources ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1049-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nipatcharaporn Sapapporn ◽  
Sirilux Chaijamrus ◽  
Wassana Chatdumrong ◽  
Tochampa
Keyword(s):  
Paper Industry ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Industrial Utilization ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
First Time

A strain of Bacillus bacteria, which was able to increase the molecular weight (M) of black liquor (BL) lignin through polymerization, enabling the subsequent industrial use of lignin, was isolated and characterized. This study is believed to be the first time that actual bacteria cells, rather than pure laccase, have been used to polymerize BL lignin. Black liquor is a toxic waste product from the pulp and paper industry that contains lignin. However, the M of lignin is too low for commercial use. The bacteria performed two processes. First, the bacteria produced laccase, which degraded lignin into low M aromatic compounds (LMWACs). Second, the laccase transformed the LMWACs into quinone intermediates, which polymerized and became high M lignin. Five bacterial strains were isolated from a pulp mill, and the best strain was selected. The optimum growing conditions and BL concentration were determined. The optimum growth conditions when using pure lignin were 1 g/L lignin, 5 g/L urea, and 35 °C. When using BL instead of pure lignin, the optimum concentration was 2% BL (v/v). This information could help develop effective industrial utilization of BL lignin.

scholarly journals A quantitative comparison of the precipitation behavior of lignin from sweetgum and pine kraft black liquors

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 5464-5480
Author(s):  
Juliana M. Jardim ◽  
Peter W. Hart ◽  
Lucian Lucia ◽  
Hasan Jameel ◽  
Houmin Chang
Keyword(s):  
Paper Industry ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Quantitative Comparison ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Current Investigation ◽  
Precipitation Behavior ◽  
Green Materials ◽  
Black Liquors

Lignin is a by-product of the pulp and paper industry that can be precipitated by acidification from black liquor as a potential feedstock for valuable green materials. Precipitation and quantification of lignin from softwood black liquors have been documented and commercialized with well-established methods; however, applying those methods to the precipitation of lignin from hardwood black liquors has produced low lignin yields. A need to understand the main differences between hardwood and softwood lignin precipitation prompted the current investigation. Multiple black liquor samples from sweetgum and pine pulping were obtained at different times of standard kraft cooks. Two lignin fractions were precipitated from each of these black liquors, one at pH 9.5 and one at pH 2.5. Detailed lignin and carbohydrate material balances were performed around each of the sample sets, starting with the wood and ending with precipitated lignin fractions. For all conditions tested, the amount and purity of pine lignin precipitated were superior to sweetgum lignin. The maximum recovery for sweetgum lignin was 69.7%, while for pine lignin, it was 90.9%.

Biological treatment and ultrafiltration of woodchip pre-hydrolysis liquor from dissolving pulp mills

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 358-364
Author(s):  
Tatiana Aurora Condezo Castro ◽  
Claudio Mudadu Silva ◽  
Jorge Luiz Colodette ◽  
Ann H. Mounteer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Pulp Mills ◽  
Treated Effluent

Abstract Dissolving pulps could be considered as the future biorefineries, which normally generate liquor during the wood chip pre-hydrolysis (PHL). PHL has high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Mills do not have efficient means for disposal of PHL, being in general burned in the recovery boiler with a high cost due to its low consistency. The objectives of this work were to evaluate i) the biotreatability of PHL and the effects it would have on a kraft mill effluent biological treatment plant and ii) the use of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane to treat the PHL prior to biological treatment. PHL was generated into lab with a hydrothermal process and was mixed with kraft pulp mill effluent in different proportions and added to sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). The SBRs achieved high rates of COD removal (>75 %). However, treated effluent COD increased with the increase in PHL dose. This treatment using UF membranes reduced the COD load. Biotreatability of the UF permeate was higher than that of PHL. UF retentate, with 28 % of the volume and a much higher solids content than the initial PHL, would have a significantly lower evaporation energy demand if sent to the black liquor evaporators.

scholarly journals The impact of using different wood qualities and wood species on chips produced using a novel type of pilot drum chipper

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Gard Timmerfors ◽  
Hamid Salehi ◽  
Sylvia H. Larsson ◽  
Torbjörn Sjölund ◽  
Leif J. Jönsson
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Chip Thickness ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Resource-efficient wood chipping for forest-industrial processes demands large fractions of accept chips and small fractions of small-sized material, such as pin chips and fines. In Kraft pulping, a narrow distribution of wood chip thickness is important for even impregnation and for making high-quality pulp. Using newly developed forest-industrial drum-chipping technology, the investigation covered wood of varying moisture content, frozen versus unfrozen wood, and the use of different wood species. Using conventional techniques for analyzing wood chip dimensions, fast-grown spruce wood with high moisture content gave 4.2 % pin chips and fines, which was less than half of the fractions obtained with spruce wood with lower moisture content. A comparison between frozen and unfrozen pine resulted in slightly thinner and shorter chips for the frozen wood, but in both cases accept yields of up to ∼85 % were achieved. A comparison of different tree species (aspen, birch, pine, and spruce) resulted in larger accept fractions (∼90 %) for the hardwood species, even though the average length of these wood chips was as low as 17 mm. The results provide a first indication of how basic wood log properties affect the yields of accept chips and small-sized material when using modern industrial drum-chipping technology.

Delignification of Bamboo (Bambusa procera acher) Part 2. Characterisation of Kraft Black Liquors from Different Cooking Conditions

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 619-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. M. Vu ◽  
R. Alén ◽  
H. Pakkanen
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Black Liquors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Inorganic Constituents ◽  
Cooking Conditions

Summary Bamboo (Bambusa procera acher) was delignified in a laboratory-scale digester by conventional kraft pulping under varying conditions. Pulps with kappa numbers in the range 12.9–56.3 and viscosities in the range 871–1319 ml g−1 were obtained. The chemical composition of the corresponding black liquors was analysed with respect to their main organic and inorganic constituents. The results indicated that the dry solids of the black liquor contained 40–44% lignin, 20–24% aliphatic carboxylic acids, 4–7% polysaccharides and the residual matter (about 30%) consisted mainly of inorganic constituents. Of the monosaccharide moieties detected in the polysaccharides, xylose was predominant, suggesting that xylan was a major hemicellulose constituent in the black liquor. The effect of effective alkali, sulphidity and H-factor of the cook on the formation of the individual constituents in the black liquor is also discussed.

Biomass-Gasifier/Gas Turbine Cogeneration in the Pulp and Paper Industry

1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Forest Residues ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Capital Costs

Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion is raising new interest in using renewable biomass for energy. Modest-scale cogeneration systems using air-blown gasifiers coupled to aeroderivative gas turbines are expected to have high efficiencies and low unit capital costs, making them well-suited for use with biomass. Biomass-gasifier/gas turbine (BIG/GT) technology is not commercial, but efforts aimed at near-term commercialization are ongoing worldwide. Estimated performance and cost and prospects for commercial development of two BIG/GT systems are described, one using solid biomass fuel (e.g., wood chips), the other using kraft black liquor. At an energy-efficient kraft pulp mill, a BIG/GT cogeneration system could produce over three times as much electricity as is typically produced today. The mill’s on-site energy needs could be met and a large surplus of electricity would be available for export. Using in addition currently unutilized forest residues for fuel, electricity production would be nearly five times today’s level. The total cost to produce the electricity in excess of on-site needs is estimated to be below 4 cents per kWh in most cases. At projected growth rates for kraft pulp production, the associated biomass residue fuels could support up to 100 GW of BIG/GT capacity at kraft pulp mills worldwide in 2020 (30 GW in the US). The excess electricity production worldwide in 2020 would be equivalent to 10 percent of today’s electricity production from fossil fuels.

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