scholarly journals STAGE OF HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF PRIVATE VEHICLE OWNERSHIP IN THE CITY OF BARCELONA

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Perez Diez ◽  
José Magin Campos Cacheda ◽  
Julià Cabrerizo Sinca
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The City

Transport demand and private motor vehicle ownership (cars and motorcycles) are generally related to the socio-economic development, increasing urbanization, public policies and rising per capita income. Private motor vehicle ownership varies between countries and geographical regions. However, it tends to have some common patterns in its historical evolution. So that during the early stages of development, the rate of motorization increased mainly by acquisitions of PTWs (mopeds and motorcycles). As the economy grows, the increase in per capita income stimulates a shift from PTWs to cars, which are preferred for their safety, versatility, comfort and social status. The increasing use of cars contributes to raising travel costs (congestion, parking constraints, accidents, pollution), that coupled with public policies to discourage car use, tends to favour modal shifts from cars to public transport and in some regions also to PTWs. This study analyze the historical evolution of private motor vehicle ownership in Spain (cars and motorcycles), and identify the stage in which is the city of Barcelona, characterized by the high use of PTWs.  The increase use of PTWs is a common phenomenon in some major European cities and suggests a continuous future growth in developed countries and congested urban areas, that is not in line with the assumptions of some models, which predict that in the long-run there will be a decrease in use of PTWs with high income per capita levels.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3497

scholarly journals Beta Convergence Analysis on Transition Economies: 1991-2011

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ş. Mustafa Ersungur ◽  
Aslı Cansın Doker ◽  
Adem Türkmen
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Convergence Analysis ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Conditional Convergence ◽  
Convergence Hypothesis ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Per Capita

Owing to Solow’s neo-classical the convergence hypothesis, which explains underdeveloped and developing countries grew faster than any of these developed countries have acknowledged that captures the level of per capita income, was added to the economic growth and development literature. Despite, theoretically there are two different approaches in convergence analysis; real and conditional, it cannot be said generalizing empirical results for both. Accordingly, 29 transition economies which tried to cross from the planned economic system into liberal economic system, is subjected to this study. Convergence have been analysed on transition economies between 1991 and 2011 using the growth rate of per capita income as variables by cross-sectional data analysis. In this study, additionally to real convergence, obtaining from the KOF index of economics, political and social integration and openness data were included the model as dummy variables for examining conditional convergence. Depending on empirical results on real and conditional convergence analysis, the convergence hypothesis is accepted. It is identified that Cambodia, Vietnam and China especially have caught up with faster growth comparing with other transition economies; however, those countries have shown weaker convergence than others. On the other hand, Kirghizstan and Tajikistan, which are known as mostly having the effects of transition recessions, have negative growth rates, and those countries have been diverging from other countries’ growth performance. From findings obtained within conditional convergence, it is examined while political liberalisation and openness variables have been accepted significantly; the economic and social liberalization variables have no significant effect on convergence.

scholarly journals Analysis of Factors Affecting Human Development Index in the City of Binjai

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 161-170
Author(s):  
Elisabet Novita Barus ◽  
HB. Tarmizi ◽  
Rahmanta .
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Education Expenditure ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Shopping Area ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The City

This study aims to analyze the Factors That Affect Human Development Index in the City of Binjai with variable observations shopping area in the field of health, education, population, and income per capita. This research is causality by performing multiple regression analysis (Multiple Regression Analysis). The Data used is the data of the year 2005 up to 2019 are presented per semester (n=30 samples). The results of the study concluded that the shopping area in the field of health, expenditure on education, expenditure in the field of population, and per capita income is able to influence the human development index in the local government of the City of Binjai. Based on the value of the coefficient of determination (r-square) of all the variables, it was concluded that per capita income is a variable dominant that affect the human development index in the local government of the City of Binjai. Keywords: The Human Development Index, A Shopping Area In The Field Of Health, Expenditure On Education, Expenditure In The Field Of Population, And Per Capita Income.

scholarly journals DAYA SAING EKONOMI PROVINSI JAMBI

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
Sudirman Sudirman ◽  
Susilawati Susilawati
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Type I ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Typology Analysis ◽  
The City

In this study, we want to see the economic basis and pattern of economic structure in JambiProvince, This study uses secondary data, namely Jambi Provisional PDRB and 11 municipaldistricts in Jambi province in 2010 - 2017 in this study to see the basis of the economy and the mixof economic sectors in Jambi province using the LQ model and the classification typology. Theresults of this study indicate that from the results of the classic typology analysis, it can be seen thatthe patterns and structure of economic growth from 9 districts and 2 cities in Jambi Province, WestTanjung Jabung and East Tanjung Jabung districts are classified into Quadrant III decliningprosperous regions (potential to be left behind ), which means that the rate of growth and incomeper capita of Tanjung Jabung Barat district is higher than the per capita income of Jambi Provinceand the growth rate of Tanjung Jabung Barat district is lower than the rate of growth of JambiProvince. Whereas the City of Full Sei is classified into the prospereus quadrant type I area whichmeans that the per capita income of Sei Full City is greater than the income of the Perkapita ofJambi Province and the growth rate of the city of Full Sei is greater than the Growth Rate in JambiProvince.

scholarly journals Economic Growth, Energy and Environmental Degradation Nexus: A Case Study in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabia Nawaz ◽  
Dr. Muhammad Azam ◽  
Hanzala Zulfiqar
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Growth Energy ◽  
Bound Test

This study estimated the growth, energy and environmental degradation nexus in Pakistan by using time series data. The data have been taken from the World Bank for the year 1971 to 2011. The data analysis was done by using the approach of co-integration (ARDL bound test) to confirm the effective long-term positive relationship among carbon dioxide emissions, per capita income growth and the per capita income gap to monitor the trend of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Pakistan. The results of the study showed that there is no evidence of a serial correlation between the variables in the discussion, but they have a long-term association. Energy usage and per capita real income, has a positive relationship with CO2 emissions. The study has concluded that there is an evidence of inverted U shaped EKC in Pakistan and this relationship varies with different types of pollutants and geographical regions. Initially, income has a positive relationship with CO2 emission but after the turning point, both have a negative relationship.

scholarly journals Relationship between Panic Buying and Per Capita Income during COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 9968
Author(s):  
Hugo T. Y. Yoshizaki ◽  
Irineu de Brito Junior ◽  
Celso Mitsuo Hino ◽  
Larrisa Limongi Aguiar ◽  
Maria Clara Rodrigues Pinheiro
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Toilet Paper ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The City

Panic buying and hoarding express common human behavior in times of crisis. Early in COVID-19, as the pandemic crisis intensified, toilet paper was one of the emblematic cases of panic buying. Using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to cross official per capita income data and real toilet paper transactions obtained from groceries spread around the city of São Paulo (Brazil), this study compares sales levels during the period in which panic purchases took place to the sales levels off that period. As expected, that data disclose noticeable panic buying. Regression analysis reveals that there is a significant positive correlation between average income per capita and panic buying. The results also indicate that panic buying happens in every income class, including low-income ones and contribute to enhancing the understanding of demand behavior during periods of crisis.

Gender Inequality in the Arab World

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-50
Author(s):  
Nahla Yassine-Hamdan ◽  
John Strate
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross National

According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), gender inequality is the loss in potential human development that occurs due to differences between the genders in achievements with respect to health, empowerment, and labor market participation. These differences in achievements typically favor men. Gender inequality is especially visible in the Arab world. We compare gender inequality in Arab countries with that in non-Arab countries, especially developed countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). We argue that cross-national differences in gender inequality reflect cross-national differences in patriarchy, in particular differences in how men use their power over women to limit their agency or ability to make decisions for themselves. We set out a causal model to account for cross-national variations in gender inequality. Direct causes include fertility rate, per capita income, polygamy, OECD country, and corruption. Gender inequality in Arab countries is highly variable due to large differences in per capita income and is elevated because of polygamy and corruption. Arab countries can enact policies that would reduce gender inequality, especially improvements to women’s secondary and higher education. We analyze gender inequality in the Arab world and address the following questions: Is gender inequality greater in Arab countries? Among countries in the world generally, what differences in patriarchal practices contribute to differences in gender inequality? Where are Arab countries found with respect to such practices? What policies in Arab countries would reduce gender inequality? Our focus is upon cross-national differences in gender inequality, not upon differences in gender inequality within societies.

scholarly journals LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLE AND INCOME CONVERGENCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Joko Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Income Convergence ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Per Capita

This research examines the occurrence of income convergence in the Surakarta Ex-Residency. Data included per capita income, labor productivity, and the number of motor vehicles published by the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) from 2001-2018. The research model was formed by adding several control variables to form a regression equation where the current year's per capita income was dependent. In contrast, the preceding year's per capita income, labor productivity, and the number of motor vehicles were independent variables. Subsequently, the regression equation was estimated by the Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) methods. The results showed a convergence of per capita income among regions. The income in more impoverished regions grew faster compared to wealthier ones. For this reason, the gap in income per capita between regions lessened significantly. Increased labor productivity and the number of motor vehicles had a positive effect on per capita income, supporting income convergence. Therefore, the transportation network needs to be improved by the government to support the mobility of workers and goods, leading to income convergence.

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

A Successful Population Policy: Potentials and Constraints (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4I) ◽  
pp. 411-431
Author(s):  
Hans-Rimbert Hemmer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Per Capita

The current rapid population growth in many developing countries is the result of an historical process in the course of which mortality rates have fallen significantly but birthrates have remained constant or fallen only slightly. Whereas, in industrial countries, the drop in mortality rates, triggered by improvements in nutrition and progress in medicine and hygiene, was a reaction to economic development, which ensured that despite the concomitant growth in population no economic difficulties arose (the gross national product (GNP) grew faster than the population so that per capita income (PCI) continued to rise), the drop in mortality rates to be observed in developing countries over the last 60 years has been the result of exogenous influences: to a large degree the developing countries have imported the advances made in industrial countries in the fields of medicine and hygiene. Thus, the drop in mortality rates has not been the product of economic development; rather, it has occurred in isolation from it, thereby leading to a rise in population unaccompanied by economic growth. Growth in GNP has not kept pace with population growth: as a result, per capita income in many developing countries has stagnated or fallen. Mortality rates in developing countries are still higher than those in industrial countries, but the gap is closing appreciably. Ultimately, this gap is not due to differences in medical or hygienic know-how but to economic bottlenecks (e.g. malnutrition, access to health services)

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