scholarly journals Urban Trees and Water: An Overview of Studies on Irrigation Needs in the Western United States and a Discussion Regarding Future Research

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Costello
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Standardized Protocol ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Crop Coefficients

A review of the literature concerning water needs and water loss from landscape plants is presented. Studies conducted in the field, using lysimeters, and in containers are summarized and discussed. In some studies, crop coefficients or water use coefficients are included. A discussion of the variability found in research methods and the need for a standardized protocol for tree water needs studies is presented.

Paleoecological and biogeographical implications of late Pleistocene noble marten (Martes americana nobilis) in eastern Washington State, USA

2011 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lee Lyman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
First Record ◽  
The United States ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Martes Americana ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Eastern Washington

AbstractA mandible identified as noble marten (Martes americana nobilis) recovered from sediments dating to 11,800 cal yr BP and a humerus identified as M. a. cf. nobilis recovered from sediments dating from 13,100 to 12,500 cal yr BP at the Marmes Rockshelter archaeological site in southeastern Washington represent the first record of this taxon in the state. Mammalian taxa associated with the Marmes Rockshelter noble marten represent a diversity of open mesic habitats corroborating earlier analyses of other records of the noble marten in the western United States and exemplify how paleozoologists determine the ecology and environmental predilections of extinct taxa. The recovery site represents the topographically lowest record of this species in western North America and the farthest north record in the United States. Future research should examine known late-Quaternary Martes spp. remains from British Columbia and Alberta to fill in the 2200-km geographic gap in the known distribution of this taxon between a record in the northern Yukon and those in the western United States, and to refine our knowledge of noble marten paleoecology.

scholarly journals Water Requirements of Landscape Plants Studies Conducted by the University of California Researchers

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet S. Hartin ◽  
David W. Fujino ◽  
Lorence R. Oki ◽  
S. Karrie Reid ◽  
Charles A. Ingels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
High Water ◽  
University Of California ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
New Research ◽  
Crop Coefficients ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Irrigation Requirements

University of California (UC) researchers have been involved in research and extension pertaining to measuring evapotranspiration (ET) rates and determining the minimum irrigation requirements of landscape plants for more than 30 years. Early work included the design and implementation of the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) weather station network and determining crop coefficients for warm and cool season turfgrasses based on historical ET and CIMIS data. Other researchers determined the minimum irrigation requirements for several species of established landscape trees, shrubs, and groundcovers in diverse climate zones throughout the state. In addition, the Water Use Classification of Landscape Species (WUCOLS) system was developed by UC personnel in the early 1990s which, to date, has classified more than 3500 landscape species into very low, low, moderate, and high water-use categories based on observation and personal experience by industry experts and UC personnel. Future work in the area of landscape water use and conservation will include updating WUCOLS as more data from replicated trials become available. New research at UC Riverside aims to improve irrigation efficiency (IE) through precision irrigation using smart controllers, remote sensing, and geospatial analysis under controlled conditions. Irrigation training and certification for public and private landscape managers must remain a priority because, even with advanced smart controller technologies, water savings will not occur with poorly designed and functioning irrigation systems.

scholarly journals ESTIMATING WATER REQUIREMENTS OF LANDSCAPE PLANTINGS

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1263f-1263
Author(s):  
L.R. Costello ◽  
N.P. Matheny ◽  
J.R. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Vegetation Density ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Landscape Water ◽  
Crop Coefficients

Since it is unlikely that crop coefficients will be established for landscape plantings, a method to estimate landscape water requirements is proposed. By evaluating three factors that significantly influence water use-species planted, vegetation density, and site microclimate-and assigning numerical values to each, an estimate of a landscape crop coefficient (or landscape coefficient, KL) can be calculated. An estimate of evapotranspirational water loss for landscapes is then the product of the landscape coefficient multiplied by the reference evapotranspiration. This paper presents values for the above three factors and discusses the rationale for each. Examples using the landscape coefficient formula are included, as well as a discussion of special considerations relative to its use.

scholarly journals Crop water use and stage-specific crop coefficients for irrigated cotton in the mid-south, United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vipan Kumar ◽  
Theophilus K. Udeigwe ◽  
Ernest L. Clawson ◽  
Robert V. Rohli ◽  
Donnie K. Miller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Crop Water Use ◽  
Crop Coefficients

Criminal Justice Considerations for Unsubmitted and Untested Sexual Assault Kits: A Review of the Literature and Suggestions for Moving Forward

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 925-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian M. Pinchevsky
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Trauma Informed ◽  
Criminal Justice Response

One of the latest reforms to the criminal justice response to sexual assault involves changes to the submission and testing of sexual assault kits. Across the United States, thousands of kits have either not been submitted to a laboratory or tested by a laboratory, prompting criticisms that victims of sexual assault have not received justice for the crimes perpetrated against them. Jurisdictions across the country have reevaluated their responses to sexual assault, including their investigations and submission and testing of sexual assault kits. It is critical that future efforts respect the recommendations of jurisdictions that have spearheaded earlier reforms and are guided by victim-centered and trauma-informed principles. This article reviews recent research that has been conducted on changes in processing sexual assault kits, provides examples of different approaches to address unsubmitted and untested kits, and suggests ideas for future research and practice to consider as this area moves forward.

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