scholarly journals Water Requirements of Landscape Plants Studies Conducted by the University of California Researchers

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet S. Hartin ◽  
David W. Fujino ◽  
Lorence R. Oki ◽  
S. Karrie Reid ◽  
Charles A. Ingels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
High Water ◽  
University Of California ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
New Research ◽  
Crop Coefficients ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Irrigation Requirements

University of California (UC) researchers have been involved in research and extension pertaining to measuring evapotranspiration (ET) rates and determining the minimum irrigation requirements of landscape plants for more than 30 years. Early work included the design and implementation of the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) weather station network and determining crop coefficients for warm and cool season turfgrasses based on historical ET and CIMIS data. Other researchers determined the minimum irrigation requirements for several species of established landscape trees, shrubs, and groundcovers in diverse climate zones throughout the state. In addition, the Water Use Classification of Landscape Species (WUCOLS) system was developed by UC personnel in the early 1990s which, to date, has classified more than 3500 landscape species into very low, low, moderate, and high water-use categories based on observation and personal experience by industry experts and UC personnel. Future work in the area of landscape water use and conservation will include updating WUCOLS as more data from replicated trials become available. New research at UC Riverside aims to improve irrigation efficiency (IE) through precision irrigation using smart controllers, remote sensing, and geospatial analysis under controlled conditions. Irrigation training and certification for public and private landscape managers must remain a priority because, even with advanced smart controller technologies, water savings will not occur with poorly designed and functioning irrigation systems.

scholarly journals Performance of methods for estimation of table beet water requirement in Alagoas

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniella P. dos Santos ◽  
Célia S. dos Santos ◽  
Leiliane M. da Silva ◽  
Márcio A. L. dos Santos ◽  
Cícero G. dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Performance Index ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Abstract Optimization ◽  
Crop Coefficients ◽  
Drainage Lysimeter

ABSTRACT Optimization of water use in agriculture is fundamental, particularly in regions where water scarcity is intense, requiring the adoption of technologies that promote increased irrigation efficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate evapotranspiration models and to estimate the crop coefficients of beet grown in a drainage lysimeter in the Agreste region of Alagoas. The experiment was conducted at the Campus of the Federal University of Alagoas - UFAL, in the municipality of Arapiraca, AL, between March and April 2014. Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was estimated in drainage lysimeters and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) by Penman-Monteith-FAO 56 and Hargreaves-Samani methods. The Hargreaves-Samani method presented a good performance index for ETo estimation compared with the Penman-Monteith-FAO method, indicating that it is adequate for the study area. Beet ETc showed a cumulative demand of 202.11 mm for a cumulative reference evapotranspiration of 152.00 mm. Kc values determined using the Penman-Monteith-FAO 56 and Hargreaves-Samani methods were overestimated, in comparison to the Kc values of the FAO-56 standard method. With the obtained results, it is possible to correct the equations of the methods for the region, allowing for adequate irrigation management.

Water use, crop coefficients, and irrigation management criteria for camelina production in arid regions

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Hunsaker ◽  
A. N. French ◽  
T. R. Clarke ◽  
D. M. El-Shikha
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Crop Coefficients

scholarly journals Determination of Crop Coefficients (Kc) and Water Use of Spinach and Onion

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1095C-1095
Author(s):  
Giovanni Piccinni ◽  
Daniel I. Leskovar ◽  
Thomas Marek
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Edwards Aquifer ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Subsurface Drip ◽  
Crop Coefficients ◽  
Extension Center

Lysimeters are used to measure real-time water use during the growing season. By relating the water use of a specific crop to a well-watered reference crop, such as alfalfa or grass, crop coefficients (Kc) can be developed to assist in predicting accurate crop needs using available meteorological data. Reference evapotranspiration can be obtained from several weather networks; however, without crop coefficients for specific crops, this information is only useful for grass. Three weighing lysimeters, consisting of undisturbed 1.5 m × 2.0 m area by 2.2-m depth cores of soil, comprise the Texas A&M Research and Extension Center–Uvalde lysimeter facility. Two lysimeters, weighing around 15,000 kg, have been placed beneath a linear LEPA irrigation system and used in field production. A third lysimeter measures reference ET values (ETo) and is located in a grassed area near the field lysimeters irrigated by subsurface drip irrigation system. Spinach was grown in one of the two crop lysimeters while onion was grown in the second lysimeter. Daily water use was measured on 5-min intervals. Results show the possibility of saving ≈61 to 74 million m3 of water per year in the irrigated farms of the Edwards aquifer region if proper irrigation management techniques are implemented in conjunction with the newly developed crop coefficients. Crop water requirements, Kc determination, and comparison to existing FAO Kc values will be discussed.

scholarly journals Yield and Leaf Quality of Processing Spinach under Deficit Irrigation

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1868-1870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel I. Leskovar ◽  
Giovanni Piccinni
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Savings ◽  
Leaf Quality ◽  
Spinacea Oleracea ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

Restrictions placed on water usage for farmers have prompted the development of irrigation management projects aiming at water savings of economically important crops. The objective of this work was to determine yield, water use efficiency, and leaf quality responses to deficit irrigation rates of processing spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) cultivars. Three irrigation treatments were imposed with a center pivot system, 100%, 75%, and 50% crop evapotranspiration rates (ETc). Commercial cultivars used were `DMC 09', `ASR 157', and `ACX 3665'. Leaf quality was significantly affected by deficit irrigation rate and cultivar. Leaf yellowness was highest at 50% ETc, and was more evident for `ACX 3665'. The percent excess stem (>10 cm) was higher at 100% ETc. This response was greater in `ACX 3665' than in `ASR 157' and `DMC 09'. Marketable yields were significantly higher for `ASR 157' at either 100% or 75% ETc rates, compared to `DMC 09' and `ACX 3665'. High water use efficiency was also measured at 75% ETc for `ASR 157'. Minimum canopy temperature differences were detected among the irrigation treatments. This work demonstrated that it is possible to reach a 25% water savings in one season, without reducing yields when using vigorous cultivars.

scholarly journals Scheduling Irrigations for Carrots

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 641-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gordon Kruse ◽  
James E. Ells ◽  
Ann E. McSay
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
High Water ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Crop Coefficients

A 3-year irrigation scheduling study on carrots (Daucus carota L.) was conducted at the Colorado State Univ. Horticulture Research Center near Fort Collins to determine the irrigation schedule that produced the best combination of high water use efficiency and marketable yields with the least amount of water and fewest irrigations. This study used an irrigation scheduling program developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service with crop coefficients calculated for carrots. Maximum carrot production and water use efficiency were obtained when the scheduling program simulated a 30-cm rooting depth at planting, increasing linearly to 60 cm in 75 days. Best yields and water use efficiency were attained by irrigating whenever 40% of the available water in the root zone had been depleted. The computer program for irrigation scheduling is available on diskette from the authors.

Wheat Irrigation Management Using Multispectral Crop Coefficients: II. Irrigation Scheduling Performance, Grain Yield, and Water Use Efficiency

2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 2035-2050 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Hunsaker ◽  
G. J. Fitzgerald ◽  
A. N. French ◽  
T. R. Clarke ◽  
M. J. Ottman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Crop Coefficients

scholarly journals Optimum Turf Grass Irrigation Requirements and Corresponding Water- Energy-CO2 Nexus across Harris County, Texas

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1440
Author(s):  
Ripendra Awal ◽  
Ali Fares ◽  
Hamideh Habibi
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Harris County ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Turf Grass ◽  
Irrigation Requirements

Harris County is one of the most populated counties in the United States. About 30% of domestic water use in the U.S. is for outdoor activities, especially landscape irrigation and gardening. Optimum landscape and garden irrigation contributes to substantial water and energy savings and a substantial reduction of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Thus, the objectives of this work are to (i) calculate site-specific turf grass irrigation water requirements across Harris County and (ii) calculate CO2 emission reductions and water and energy savings across the county if optimum turf grass irrigation is adopted. The Irrigation Management System was used with site-specific soil hydrological data, turf crop water uptake parameters (root distribution and crop coefficient), and long-term daily rainfall and reference evapotranspiration to calculate irrigation water demand across Harris County. The Irrigation Management System outputs include irrigation requirements, runoff, and drainage below the root system. Savings in turf irrigation requirements and energy and their corresponding reduction in CO2 emission were calculated. Irrigation water requirements decreased moving across the county from its north-west to its south-east corners. However, the opposite happened for the runoff and excess drainage below the rootzone. The main reason for this variability is the combined effect of rainfall, reference evapotranspiration, and soil types. Based on the result, if the average annual irrigation water use across the county is 25 mm higher than the optimum level, this will result in 10.45 million m3 of water losses (equivalent water use for 30,561 single families), 4413 MWh excess energy use, and the emission of 2599 metric tons of CO2.

scholarly journals Water Use and Crop Coefficients of Woody Ornamentals in Containers

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 576c-576
Author(s):  
U.K. Schuch ◽  
D.W. Burger
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
High Water ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
Woody Ornamentals ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Plant Water Use ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Crop Coefficients

Twelve species of woody ornamental plants were grown for 2 years in containers at Riverside and Davis, Calif., to determine plant water use (WU) and compare crop coefficients (Kcs). WU was determined gravimetrically in 1993 and 1994, five times each year in Riverside and four times each year in Davis. WU and Kc were affected by significant interactions among species, location, and time of year. WU was primarily influenced by the month, while Kc was most affected by location. Rhaphiolepis and Pittosporum, followed by Juniperus and Photinia, respectively, were the highest water users in Riverside when averaged over the 2 years. Arctostaphylos was the highest water user in Davis, followed by Juniperus, Cercis, and Pittosporum, respectively. Rhamnus, Prunus, and Cercocarpus were among the lowest water users in both locations. Heteromeles, Buxus, and Ceanothus were intermediate water users. The largest difference in species WU between the two locations was found for Arctostaphylos and Cercis, both high water users in Davis, but moderate or low water users in Riverside. The other species ranked similarly in both locations. Kcs of the 12 species, when averaged over the 2-year sampling period, ranked similar to water use. Kcs tended to be artificially high in the winter months and were not correlated to the low WU during that time.

scholarly journals Urban Trees and Water: An Overview of Studies on Irrigation Needs in the Western United States and a Discussion Regarding Future Research

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Costello
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Standardized Protocol ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Crop Coefficients

A review of the literature concerning water needs and water loss from landscape plants is presented. Studies conducted in the field, using lysimeters, and in containers are summarized and discussed. In some studies, crop coefficients or water use coefficients are included. A discussion of the variability found in research methods and the need for a standardized protocol for tree water needs studies is presented.

scholarly journals A System to Measure Evapotranspiration of In-ground Container Plants of Mexican Elder

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolston St. Hilaire ◽  
Cathleen F. Feser ◽  
Theodore W. Sammis ◽  
Anderson S. St. Hilaire
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Sambucus Mexicana ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Crop Coefficients ◽  
Pot Plants

Accurate measurement of evapotranspiration (ET) is difficult and expensive for large, in-ground container (pot-in-pot) plants. We engineered and used a simple and inexpensive system to determine evapotranspiration of in-ground container trees. The system was shop-assembled and used a block and tackle system attached to a collapsible tripod. A unique container harness system attached to the block and tackle system was used to lift containers that were sunken in the ground. Containers were weighed with a battery-operated balance that was accurate to 1 g (0.04 oz) at its maximum load capacity of 60 kg (132.3 lb). One person operated the system, and the weight of the system exclusive of the balance was 17.5 kg (38.50 lb). Gravimetric water use data obtained with the system werecombined with meteorological data to compute crop coefficients (Kc) of mexican elder (Sambucus mexicana). The system detected small changes in daily water use of mexican elder trees grown in 76-L (20-gal) in-ground containers. Crop coefficients ranged from 0.17 to 0.71. The acquisition of evapotranspiration data from relatively large, containerized landscape plants may be facilitated because the system is simple, inexpensive, and accurate.

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