scholarly journals ASSURANCE CASE FOR SAFETY AND SECURITY IMPLEMENTATION: A SURVEY OF APPLICATIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 610-619
Author(s):  
Vladimir Sklyar ◽  
Vyacheslav Kharchenko
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Critical Systems ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Security Assurance ◽  
Case Methodology ◽  
Case Application ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Confirmation Analysis ◽  
Case Based ◽  
Assurance Case

This paper presents a survey of Assurance Case implementation for applications which are not directly related to the usual for Assurance Case regulatory regime. The UK is the country which first developed the theory of Assurance Case as a response to big catastrophes, and most applies Assurance Case regime for many industrial domains. USA, Australia and EU countries apply Assurance Case approach for safety and security regulation and licensing. For the last two decades Assurance Case has been used mostly for confirmation analysis of critical systems with established set of regulatory requirements. There are proven standards of use, notations and tools to support Assurance Case methodology. However, many researchers have tried to find approach to expand Assurance Case application to communicating domains. We group the following directions of Assurance Case applications as the following ones: Assurance Case for attributes assessment such as quality, dependability and, first of all, safety and security, Assurance Case based certification, improvement of argumentation, assurance based development, and Assurance Case for knowledge management. The main challenges and solutions of development and application of Assurance Case methodology, techniques and tools have been analyzed.

scholarly journals Three models for the regulation of polygenic scores in reproduction

2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2020-106588
Author(s):  
Sarah Munday ◽  
Julian Savulescu
Keyword(s):  
Human Genetics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Embryo Selection ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Polygenic Scores ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The past few years have brought significant breakthroughs in understanding human genetics. This knowledge has been used to develop ‘polygenic scores’ (or ‘polygenic risk scores’) which provide probabilistic information about the development of polygenic conditions such as diabetes or schizophrenia. They are already being used in reproduction to select for embryos at lower risk of developing disease. Currently, the use of polygenic scores for embryo selection is subject to existing regulations concerning embryo testing and selection. Existing regulatory approaches include ‘disease-based' models which limit embryo selection to avoiding disease characteristics (employed in various formats in Australia, the UK, Italy, Switzerland and France, among others), and 'laissez-faire' or 'libertarian' models, under which embryo testing and selection remain unregulated (as in the USA). We introduce a novel 'Welfarist Model' which limits embryo selection according to the impact of the predicted trait on well-being. We compare the strengths and weaknesses of each model as a way of regulating polygenic scores. Polygenic scores create the potential for existing embryo selection technologies to be used to select for a wider range of predicted genetically influenced characteristics including continuous traits. Indeed, polygenic scores exist to predict future intelligence, and there have been suggestions that they will be used to make predictions within the normal range in the USA in embryo selection. We examine how these three models would apply to the prediction of non-disease traits such as intelligence. The genetics of intelligence remains controversial both scientifically and ethically. This paper does not attempt to resolve these issues. However, as with many biomedical advances, an effective regulatory regime must be in place as soon as the technology is available. If there is no regulation in place, then the market effectively decides ethical issues.

Initiatives in UK Offshore Decommissioning Following the Wood Review: Applicability for Decommissioning in Norway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rune Vikane ◽  
Jon Tømmerås Selvik ◽  
Eirik Bjorheim Abrahamsen
Keyword(s):  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Gas Recovery ◽  
The Uk

Abstract The 2014 Wood Review is a report reviewing UK offshore oil and gas recovery and its regulation, led by Sir Ian Wood. The report identifies and addresses key challenges in the UK petroleum industry, among them the lack of a strong regulatory body and a decommissioning strategy. The UK petroleum industry is mature, and Norway may benefit from UK's experiences in decommissioning. The article investigates the applicability of the Wood Review recommendations for decommissioning in Norway. The analysis of the recommendations in the Wood Review is carried out by a SWOT-analysis of the general recommendations with a high potential impact on decommissioning as well as the five recommendations specific to decommissioning. The recommendations in the Wood Review were broadly accepted by UK authorities and formed the basis for numerous initiatives aimed at improving policies and practices in UK decommissioning. The key initiatives are presented to illustrate how the Wood Review recommendations has been interpreted. A summary of the key differences between the petroleum industries and the regulatory authorities in Norway and the UK is provided for background. Decommissioning in Norway face similar challenges to those identified in the Wood Review. The analysis indicates that several of the UK initiatives following the recommendations in the Wood Review has the potential of improving decommissioning in Norway. Differences in regulatory regimes between the regions may complicate the implementation of some of the initiatives following the Wood Review in Norway. In most cases only minor changes to regulations and/or practices are required. Recent UK initiatives with a high impact on decommissioning include increased focus on sharing of information and lessons learned, increased collaboration, the development of a decommissioning strategy, benchmarking of decommissioning cost estimates for all projects and the development and publishing of annual UK decommissioning cost estimates. There are indications that the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) and the Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy (MPE) are falling behind their UK counterparts in key areas. Norway has limited experience with decommissioning, and scrupulous analysis of lessons learned in other regions is essential. Decommissioning of Norwegian offshore infrastructure is a major undertaking and even minor improvements may have a substantial impact on personnel risk, risk to the environment or the total decommissioning expenditure. The Norwegian regulatory regime has been an integral part of the Norwegian petroleum industry's success in previous decades, and changes to the regime require careful deliberation. The recent implementation of initiatives aimed at improving decommissioning regulations and practices in the UK represents a unique learning opportunity for Norwegian authorities. The analysis suggest that Norway may benefit from adopting some of the UK initiatives following the Wood Review recommendations.

The value of a consultant physiotherapist within a primary care musculoskeletal interface service: part of the spinal multidisciplinary team

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Michelle L Angus ◽  
Victoria Dickens ◽  
Naveed Yasin ◽  
James Greenwood ◽  
Irfan Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Tertiary Referral Centre ◽  
Allied Health Professionals ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Surgical Services ◽  
Pain Pathway ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Case Based

Background/aims The national low back pain pathway in the UK suggests practitioners managing patients with spinal pathology should be specifically trained to do so and have the ability to link with tertiary spinal services when required. The aim of this study was to ensure referrals through to a tertiary spinal surgical centre are appropriate and patients get the correct advice early in their management pathway. Methods A retrospective review of 700 cases were discussed at a spinal case-based discussion meeting in a primary care interface service, compared to services without this model. A convenience sample of cases were analysed with the consultant physiotherapist and those referred from other allied health professionals into the tertiary spinal surgical centre. Case-based team discussion took place before every referral into the tertiary spinal service, with spinal surgical discussion where required. Results Patients referred from other interface services were more likely to require further work-up such as investigations, or be discharged from clinic on their first attendance than those who had been through the case-based discussion. Conclusions A consultant physiotherapist working as part of the spinal team of a tertiary referral centre can help advanced practitioners with their clinical decision making to help prevent unnecessary referrals to spinal surgical services.

scholarly journals Shareholder Protection: A Comparative Review of the Corporate Legal / Regulatory Regimes in the UK and Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-424
Author(s):  
Samuel E Ojogbo ◽  
Nwanneka V Ezechukwu
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Shareholder Protection ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Regulatory Instruments ◽  
Small Investors ◽  
Major Review ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractForeign investment is a major source of the capital that Nigeria and other developing markets need to promote economic activities and drive economic development. While profit mainly drives the decision to invest abroad, such decisions are also influenced by the safety of any actual investments made. Thus, investors are interested in the laws and regulations that offer them protection against corporate insider opportunism. In Nigeria, the relationship between corporate actors is mainly regulated by the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA). This article investigates the corporate legal and regulatory protection for corporate shareholders in Nigeria and the UK. Comparing the corporate regulatory regime in the two jurisdictions, this article argues that the identified weaknesses in the Nigerian regulatory framework negatively impact the growth of foreign investment in the country. In view of these weaknesses, the article suggests a major review of CAMA and other regulatory instruments with a view to addressing the protection of small investors and “outsiders”, such as foreign investors.

Protecting children from internet pornography? A critical assessment of statutory age verification and its enforcement in the UK

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-197
Author(s):  
Majid Yar
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Critical Response ◽  
Online Pornography ◽  
Policy And Strategy ◽  
Online Behaviour ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Age Verification ◽  
The Uk

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically assess the newly created regulatory and policing regime for age-restricting access to pornography in the UK. Design/methodology/approach It examines the pivotal legislation, policy and strategy documents, consultation submissions and interventions from a range of stakeholders such as children’s charities, content providers and privacy advocates. Findings Even before its implementation, the regulatory regime betrays serious flaws and shortcomings in its framing and configuration. These difficulties include its inability to significantly curtail minors’ access to online pornography and risks of privacy violations and associated harms to legitimate users’ interests. Research limitations/implications Remedial measures are available so as to address some of the problems identified. However, it is argued that ultimately the attempt to prohibit minors from accessing such content is set to fail, and that alternative approaches – such as better equipping children through education to cope with explicit materials online – need to be given greater prominence. Originality/value This paper provides the first criminological policy analysis of this latest attempt to regulate and police online behaviour, and offers an important critical response to such efforts.

Development of Instrumentation and Control Systems for UK ABWR

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itsuki Naito ◽  
Taisuke Koyamada ◽  
Keisuke Yamamoto ◽  
Kingo Igarashi ◽  
Hideo Harada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Operating Experience ◽  
Severe Accident ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Design Assessment ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control

This paper introduces the Instrumentation and Control (I&C) system for the proposed UK Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (UK ABWR) offered by Hitachi-GE Nuclear Energy, Ltd (Hitachi-GE). Hitachi-GE has been progressing the UK Generic Design Assessment (GDA) licensing process over the last 3 years. This is the process through which the Office for Nuclear Regulations (ONR) assesses the UK ABWR for suitability from a nuclear safety, security, environmental protection and waste management perspective and it is the first step towards proceeding with the construction phase in the UK. ONR’s regulatory expectations setting out relevant good practice are described in the Safety Assessment principles (SAPs), which are considered into the I&C design for UK ABWR. In addition, it has also been designed to take into account relevant good practices and regulations. In accordance with expectations derived from SAPs, the UK ABWR I&C systems are categorized and classified as required by IEC 61513 and IEC 61226. In addition, the overall I&C architecture, including all associated Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs), abides by the principles independence and diversity of safety measures, segregation and separation of the protection and control systems. As a result, the UK ABWR I&C architecture is composed of major eight sub-systems. The eight sub-systems are: -Safety System Logic and Control system (SSLC) -Hardwired Backup System (HWBS) -Safety Auxiliary Control System (SACS) -Plant Control System (PCntlS) -Reactor/Turbine Auxiliary Control System (RTACS) -Plant Computer System (PCS) -Severe Accident Control and Instrumentation system (SA C&I) -Other dedicated C&I systems. The features for each sub-system such as redundancy of safety train or segregation among divisions are specified so that each sub-system will achieve its reliability as well as increase availability. While in the Japanese ABWR safety I&C system, the main protection system (SSLC), is microprocessor-based from the decades of successful operating experience in the past BWR, to meet the UK regulatory regime expectation on diversity between Class 1 platform and non-Class 1 platform, the SSLC (Class 1) for the UK ABWR is by Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). This system is currently under development and complies with IEC 62556. Its safety integrity level is planned to be SIL 3 (as a single division) and SIL 4 (as a four division system) as defined in IEC 61508. The HMIs which constitute an integral part of the I&C systems are also designed to comply with the I&C architecture regarding their categorization and classification with consideration of Human Factors (HF) modern methods taken into accounts.

Integration of exploration, drilling and installation activities given regulatory challenges

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 482
Author(s):  
Roger Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Management Tool ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Drilling Rig ◽  
Regulatory Changes ◽  
Proactive Management ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Exploration Drilling ◽  
Regulatory Challenges

Coordination and integration of exploration activities, both seismic and drilling, development drilling and offshore installation campaigns is difficult at the best of times. Add to this the regulatory requirements, which included the establishment of NOPSEMA and the associated regulations in January 2012, and the already complex task of executing work efficiently became even more challenging. The paper explores the development and application of an integrated schedule that met the overall business needs as well as key stakeholders (Environment, Exploration, Drilling, Projects and Operations). Factors and constraints that had to be addressed included existing drilling rig and installation contracts with significant associated costs, maintaining project schedules that were sanctioned prior to regulatory changes coming into effect, resourcing levels and an environmental regulatory regime seeking continuous improvement. Individual stakeholders tended to focus on their own areas yet there are schedule inter-relationships with others that had knock on effects. The integrated schedule provided a proactive management tool that was and continues to be used to plan and review key activities in a constantly changing environment.

15 Litigation and Enforcement involving Private Funds after the Global Financial Crisis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spangler Timothy
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Hedge Funds ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Investment Funds ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The Uk

This chapter focuses on the increase in the amount of litigation and enforcement actions against private investment funds in the United States, the UK, and across the globe as a result of the global financial crisis. As more disputes arose during the course of the global financial crisis, the legal and regulatory regime impacting private investment funds has been the subject of closer scrutiny than has been seen in previous decades. The chapter first considers the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) enforcement actions against hedge funds as well as U.S. civil litigation prior to the financial crisis before discussing Dodd-Frank and its effect on enforcement. It then examines the SEC’s enforcement actions regarding broker-dealer registration, along with some of its key enforcement actions after Dodd-Frank. It also analyses the Financial Conduct Authority’s enforcement priorities after the global financial crisis and key litigation in the UK involving private investment funds.

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