The influence of flavour on voluntary water intake in horses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Miranda Filmer
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Block Designs ◽  
Muscle Degeneration ◽  
Excessive Sweating ◽  
Competitive Edge ◽  
Average Intake ◽  
Weak Concentration

The equine athlete is subject to increasing demands on its physiology; more efficient transport means we are able to travel horses for further and longer, as well as competing them in more challenging conditions. As with humans, the industry surrounding maintenance and recovery of athletes is ever growing, with more and more products being developed in order to gain a competitive edge. Prolonged transport can result in dramatic losses in bodyweight and therefore dehydration, caused by excessive sweating and increased faecal output; this can have a dramatic effect on performance, as electrolyte derangements cause a range of issues such as muscle degeneration and impaction colic. In this study, two synthetic variations of flavours, banana and cherry, were selected to be added to water to determine if they encouraged a greater voluntary water intake compared with plain water and might therefore be a mechanism for mitigation of dehydration in horses. Two trials were carried out using Latin square and Randomised Block designs. Trials 1a and 1b used 6 horses and three different concentrations of each flavour with the aim to ascertain the preferred concentration for both flavours. Trial 2 consisted of 12 horses and tested the palatability of the flavours when offered alongside plain water. Each trial consisted of 3 repetitions in order to eliminate bucket location bias. All horses were without water for 1 hour before each trial period and underwent a standardised exercise test before being offered the waters. Trials 1a and 1b showed no preferred concentration for either flavour. There was a tendency, albeit weak for a preference for the medium concentration of banana and weak concentration of cherry thus those concentrations were chosen for Trial 2. The results from Trial 2 showed that plain water was preferred when offered alongside the 2 flavoured waters, average voluntary fluid intake for plain water was 5.33 litres, which was more than double that of the flavoured waters with average intake for banana of 2.07 litres and cherry of 2.19 litres. In summary, adding banana and cherry flavour to water did not encourage an increase in voluntary fluid intake, and as such cannot be used as a method for mitigating dehydration in horses. Further research is required to ascertain if other flavours, are preferred in water, as this could be added to electrolyte solution in order to make them more palatable and so encourage drinking.

scholarly journals Beverage Type and Hydration Parameters in Older Persons Following a Texture-Modified Diet and Living in Long-term Care Residences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose CE Serrano ◽  
Meritxell Martín-Gari ◽  
Jèssica Miranda ◽  
Anna Cassanye ◽  
Mireia Badia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Older People ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Modified Diet

Abstract Background: Dehydration due to insufficient fluid intake is a common feature in older adults, a situation that is exacerbated in those who follow a texture modified diet. Most studies have been focused on the total amount of fluid intake without taking into consideration hydration capacities from different beverages. This study aimed to evaluate which is the relationship between the intake of different beverage types and their relationship with hydration parameters in older adults. Methods: A prospective observational study in 22 volunteers that followed a texture-modified diet and thickened liquids with a monthly follow-up for 4 months was performed with older people living in long-term care residences. Beverage intake was assessed daily, and hydration parameters were determined at the end of each month. Results: 50% of the volunteers presented an inadequate fluid intake (< 90% of the recommended daily intake of 30 mL/kg of body weight). Gelatine was the preferred hydration drink, providing 54% of the water intake outside the diet, while water and fruit juices constituted approximately 18% of the intake each, and other beverages such as milk and yogurt, the remaining 10%. No correlation was observed between the total amounts of liquids taken during the day with any of the biomarkers of hydration analysed. Contrary, plain water intake inversely correlated with blood levels of sodium (r= -0.25), and Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme (ACE) activity (r= -0.29); while gelatine directly correlated with haematocrit (r= 0.25). Since different beverages were consumed during the day, cluster analysis was performed to determine patterns of beverage intake. Three patterns of beverage intake were identified, mainly high in plain water, high in gelatine, and mixed beverage intake. The pattern with a higher intake of gelatine, as a source of water, reported the worst parameters of hydration. Similarly, it was observed that a pattern with high plain water intake showed higher levels of fluid intake. Conclusions: It was concluded that besides the focus on total fluid intake, an appropriate selection of beverages is another important criterion that should be taken into consideration for hydration in older people.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Fluid Intake in College Students During the Initial Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 222-222
Author(s):  
Shaylynn Glenn ◽  
Cory Butts ◽  
Samantha Scarneo-Miller ◽  
William Adams
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Total Fluid Intake ◽  
Living Situation ◽  
Academic Standing ◽  
Total Fluid

Abstract Objectives To evaluate fluid intake of college students during the initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods College students (n = 1015 (75.5% Female); 59 freshmen, 139 sophomores, 264 juniors, 245 seniors, 289 graduate) participated in an online questionnaire from colleges/universities within the United States during the Spring 2020 academic semester. Participants were asked about their fluid intake over the previous 30 days using the BEVQ-15. The questionnaire consisted of demographic and living status questions as well as 16 questions detailing type (e.g., water, milk, etc.), frequency (“how often”), and volume of fluids for each consumption (“how much each time”). Kruskal-Wallis analyses (test statistic reported as chi-square, χ2) were used to compare the total fluid intake, frequency of plain water intake, and volume with each consumption between those with and without a change in living situation and by academic standing. Data reported as (median [interquartile range]). Results A change in living status was reported by 426/1015 (42%) participants. Median fluid intake was 1848 mL ([1295, 2532] mL) for all participants. Total fluid intake [χ2(1) = 18.07, P &lt; 0.001] was different between those with (1709 [1199, 2366] mL) and without (1940 [1378, 2644] mL) a change in living situation. However, the volume of plain water intake was not different between those with (710 [473, 1420] mL) and without (1065 [591, 1420] mL) a change in living situation [χ2(1) = 2.81, P = 0.09]. Frequency [χ2(1) = 3.10, P = 0.08] and the volume with each consumption [χ2(1) = 1.16, P = 0.28] of plain water were also not different based on a change in living situation. Academic standing impacted the volume of total fluid intake [χ2(4) = 14.33, P = 0.006], with juniors (1751 [1161, 2455] mL) reporting less than graduate students (1940 [1041, 2780] mL, P = 0.01). Conclusions These data suggest a change in living situation affected total fluid intake, however, there were no differences in the frequency and volume of plain water intake. Further, academic standing impacted the fluid intake behaviors. Future investigations are warranted to evaluate factors guiding fluid intake frequency and volumes in the college student population. Funding Sources N/A

Total water intake and its contributors in infants and young children

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Chouraqui ◽  
Simon N. Thornton ◽  
Louise Seconda ◽  
Stavros A. Kavouras
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Beverage Consumption ◽  
Infants And Young Children ◽  
Total Water Intake

Abstract Hydration is a particular concern for infants and young children due to their greater risk of dehydration. However, studies on their water intakes are scarce. The current survey aimed to analyze total water intake (TWI) in non-breastfed children aged 0.5-35 months compared to the adequate intake (AI) for the same age group set by the EFSA and to examine the different contributors to TWI as well as beverage consumption patterns. Nationally representative data from the Nutri-Bébé cross-sectional survey were used to assess food, beverage, and plain water consumption by age group over three non-consecutive days. With age, median TWI in 1,035 children increased from 732 to 1010 mL/d, without differences between sex, but with a great inter-individual variation, and the percentage of children who did not meet the AI increased from 10% to 88%. Median weight-related TWI decreased from 136.6 to 69.0 mL/kg/d. Among infants, 90% had a ratio of water/energy below the AI, similarly for about 75% of toddlers. Milk and milk products were the main contributors to TWI, while the part of plain water increased gradually to be 25% in the older toddlers, half of which was tap water. The beverage consumption pattern varied in types and timing, with little consumption of juices and sweetened beverages. Vegetables and fruits accounted for 20% of TWI after the age of 6 months. These initial results, showing strong discrepancies between actual and recommended water intakes in young children, should help identify ways to increase children’s water consumption.

Prevalence and Predictors of Overweight and Obesity among Military Personnel with Low Socio-Economic Status in Kuala Lumpur

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nik Qistina Nik Abd Rahim ◽  
Nor Afiah Mohd Zulkefli ◽  
Mohd Arshil Moideen
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
History Of ◽  
Army Personnel

Abstract Background: It is a major public health concern when 52% of adults worldwide were overweight and obese. Military institutions worldwide were included, which led to negative impacts on the overall combat readiness due to the obesity-associated-diseases. This study determined the prevalence and predictors of overweight and obesity among the low socioeconomic status (SES) army personnel in Kuala Lumpur. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 772 low SES army personnel in Kuala Lumpur was conducted. Online questionnaires were distributed while anthropometric measurements’ data were obtained from Military Lifetime Health Record (MLHR) system with BMI of > 25kg/m2 as the outcome. Data analysed using SPSS version 23.0 (descriptive and inferential statistics). Results: The median age of the respondents was 30 (IQR=7) years. The prevalence of overweight and obese army personnel was 41.1% (95%CI:37.6-44.6). The predictors found were being married (AOR:2.026,95%CI:1.318-3.113), secondary education (AOR:2.545,95%CI:1.245-5.203), Lance Corporal (AOR:1.994,95%CI:1.061-3.748), Corporal (AOR:2.814,95%CI:1.578-5.020), Sergeant (AOR:4.174,95%CI:2.076-8.390), past injury (AOR:1.879,95%CI: 1.191-2.965), history of obese sibling (AOR:1.737,95%CI:1.013-2.973), history of obese parent (AOR:3.344,95%CI:1.965-5.688), history of obese grandparent (AOR:11.321,95%CI:2.207-58.072), poor knowledge on dietary intake (AOR:1.524,95%CI:1.077-2.157), less than 2 litres daily plain water intake (AOR:1.606,95%CI:1.166-2.210). Conclusions: Knowledge on dietary intake and plain water intake are the two modifiable predictors for overweight and obesity found in this study, while the other nine predictors are non-modifiable. Understanding on issues surrounding the low SES group will help the strategic level in planning for future comprehensive interventions on overweight and obesity, specifically targeting on those predictors.

Cardiac-Autonomic and Hemodynamic Responses to a Hypertonic, Sugar-Sweetened Sports Beverage in Physically Active Men

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Christiani ◽  
Gregory J Grosicki ◽  
Andrew A Flatt
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Hemodynamic Responses ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
Sports Beverage

Hydration practices may confound heart rate variability (HRV) measurements when collected in the pre-training period. We aimed to determine the effects of ingesting a hypertonic, sugar-sweetened sports beverage on HRV and hemodynamic parameters in physically active young men. Fifteen subjects consumed 591 ml of Gatorade (6% carbohydrate, ~330 mOsmol/kg), 591 ml water, or 10 ml water (control) in random order on separate days following overnight fasting. HRV and hemodynamics were evaluated in 5-min windows immediately before (T1) and 5-10 min (T2), 25-30 min (T3), 40-45 min (T4), and 55-60 min (T5) post-drinking. Root-mean square of successive differences and the standard deviation of normal RR intervals increased post-water intake at all time-points relative to T1 (P <0.05). No increases were observed post-Gatorade intake, though small effect sizes (ES) were noted at T2 and T3 (P >0.05, ES = 0.27 - 0.32). Systemic vascular resistance increased at T2 post-Gatorade intake and at T2 and T3 post-water intake (P <0.05). No interactions were observed for blood pressure measures, stroke volume, or cardiac output. Gatorade does not evoke cardiovascular adjustments to the same magnitude as water. Practitioners should wait at least 45 min to record HRV post-Gatorade intake and >60 min post-water intake. Key Findings: ● Equal volumes of cold water and Gatorade produce inequivalent cardiac-autonomic and hemodynamic responses. ● HRV responses of greater amplitude and duration were observed following intake of water versus Gatorade. ● Failure to account for recent fluid intake may result in misinterpretation of autonomic status.

Least Absolute Regression Residuals: Analyses of Block Designs

1998 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 923-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Berry ◽  
Paul W Mielke
Keyword(s):  
Euclidean Geometry ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Block Designs ◽  
Regression Residuals

Residuals obtained from least sum of absolute deviations regression are analyzed by a procedure consistent with Euclidean geometry. Applications to a one-way block design, a two-way block design, and a Latin square design are illustrated and evaluated.

scholarly journals Impact of Observed and Controlled Water Intake on Reticulorumen Temperature in Lactating Dairy Cattle

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Cantor ◽  
Joao Costa ◽  
Jeffrey Bewley
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Water Quantity ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Water Meters

Dairy precision technologies helps producers monitor individual animals. Reticulorumen temperature boluses are a way to monitor core body temperature; however, factors such as water intake affects reticulorumen temperature. This research determined the effect of natural water intake and a controlled water drench on reticulorumen temperature (RT) in dairy cattle. In observational study part 1, tie- stall cows (n = 4) with RT transponders were observed for natural water intake (recorded by in line water meters) for 48 h. In experiment part 2, a randomized Latin square design with cows (n = 12) restricted on feed for 4 h, were drenched daily with a water quantity of 6.7 L, 11.4 L or 22.7 L, and at controlled water temperature of 1.7 °C, 7.2 °C, 15.5 °C, or 29.4 °C. Descriptively, observational study 1 had (Mean ± SD 0.27 ± 0.31 L ingested per drinking event (n = 84) and RT decline from baseline was 2.29 ± 1.82 °C. For the experiment, a 48-h specific rolling baseline temperature range (BTR) was calculated for each cow prior to the experiment to determine time required for RT to reach BTR, and time to return to BTR. In part 2 of the experiment, as water quantity increased, RT had a greater maximum degree drop from baseline. Water temperature and water quantity interaction influenced time required for BTR to reestablish. The coldest water temperature at the highest drench quantity affected time for BTR to reestablish the longest (103 min). Results from this study suggest that an algorithm could be designed to predict water intake events for producers using reticulorumen temperature.

scholarly journals Consumptions of plain water, moisture in foods and beverages, and total water in relation to dietary micronutrient intakes and serum nutrient profiles among US adults

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 1180-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Yang ◽  
Ock K Chun
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nutrient Profiles ◽  
Total Water Intake

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate water contributors in relation to dietary and serum micronutrient profiles.DesignA cross-sectional study. The main exposures were water contributors. Selected dietary and serum micronutrient levels were outcome measures.SettingsThe US population and its subgroups.SubjectsUS adults (n 2691) aged ≥20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006.ResultsThe daily mean total water intake was 3·1 (se 0·047) litres, with 68 % of adults consuming below the Adequate Intake level. Total water intake was higher in adults with higher BMI and physical activity, those taking dietary supplements and alcohol consumers (P < 0·05). Plain water intake was positively associated with food moisture and negatively with beverage moisture (P < 0·001). Beverage moisture was negatively associated with food moisture (P < 0·001). In multivariate regression analyses, plain water and food moisture intakes were positively associated with Fe, Ca, vitamins A, B, C, E and K and carotenoid intakes (P < 0·05). However, beverage moisture was unrelated to Ca, niacin and vitamin B6 intakes, and negatively associated with Fe, vitamin A, folate, vitamins C, E and K and carotenoid intakes (P < 0·05). Concentrations of serum vitamins A and C and carotenoids increased with plain water and food moisture intakes (P < 0·05) but decreased (P < 0·01) or were unrelated to beverage moisture intake.ConclusionsVarious contributors of total water intake differed in their associations with dietary and serum micronutrient profiles in US adults. The study provides evidence of plain water benefits on micronutrient adequacy over beverages.

Question About Fluoride in Formulas

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-572
Author(s):  
M. Balasubramaniam
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Daily Water Intake ◽  
Daily Water

The articles on dental caries in children in the August 1974 issue of Pediatrics are interesting and made me think about the following aspect of fluoridation. As far as I can find out, none of the presently available formulas have any fluoride in them. Would it not be a good idea to add an appropriate quantity of fluoride to all the formulas so that we can make sure that babies do get fluoride from birth? Even though a majority of the babies live in areas where the water is fluoridated, the amount of daily water intake (as plain water) in the first six months of life is negligible.

Drinking Behavior and Perception of Thirst in Untrained Women during 6 Weeks of Heat Acclimation and Outdoor Training

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer K. Ormerod ◽  
Tabatha A. Elliott ◽  
Timothy P. Scheett ◽  
Jaci L. VanHeest ◽  
Lawrence E. Armstrong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Heat Acclimation ◽  
Acclimation Period ◽  
Outdoor Training

The purposes of this study were to characterize measures of fluid intake and perception of thirst in women over a 6-week period of exercise-heat acclimation and outdoor training and examine if this lengthy acclimation period would result in changes in fluid intake that differ from those previously reported in men utilizing a shorter acclimation protocol of 8–10 days. Voluntary water intake (11–17 °C) and perception of thirst were measured in a group of 5 women (21–26 yr) undergoing exercise-heat acclimation for 90 min/day, 3 days/wk (36 °C, rh 50–70%) and outdoor training 3 days/wk for 6 weeks. Decreased drinking during acclimation was characterized by a decrease in the number of drinks (35 ± 10 to 17 ± 5; p < .05), greater time to first drink (9.9 ± 2.0 to 23.1 ± 4.7 min; p < .05), and a decrease in total volume ingested per week (3310 ± 810 to 1849 ± 446 ml; p < .05) through the 6-week study. Mean perceived thirst measurements remained low and showed only slight variance (3 ± 0.4 to 5 ± 0.4). These observations support a psycho-physiological response pattern different than that previously observed during 8–10 day acclimation protocols in men.

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