Quantifying relations and similarities of the meteorological parameters among the weather stations in the Alberta Oil Sands region

Our objective was to quantify the similarity in the meteorological measurements of 17 stations under three weather networks in the Alberta oil sands region. The networks were for climate monitoring under the water quantity program (WQP) and air program, including Meteorological Towers (MT) and Edge Sites (ES). The meteorological parameters were air temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), solar radiation (SR), barometric pressure (BP), precipitation (PR), and snow depth (SD). Among the various measures implemented for finding correlations in this study, we found that the use of Pearson’s coefficient (r) and absolute average error (AAE) would be sufficient. Also, we applied the percent similarity method upon considering at least 75% of the value in finding the similarity between station pairs. Our results showed that we could optimize the networks by selecting the least number of stations (for each network) to describe the measure-variability in meteorological parameters. We identified that five stations are sufficient for the measurement of AT, one for RH, five for SR, three for BP, seven for PR, and two for SD in the WQP network. For the MT network, six for AT, two for RH, six for SR, and four for PR, and the ES network requires six for AT, three for RH, six for SR, and two for BP. This study could potentially be critical to rationalize/optimize weather networks in the study area.

Assessment of Tube Well Pumping Test Performance on Different Geological Formation

Water supply-demand is increasing in line with the increment in population. Natural water resources are declining due to reduction of water catchment areas, river pollution and drought. This causes the raw water quantity and quality to decrease and increase water treatment costs. Groundwater usage may be able to solve this problem due to its less polluted nature which requires less treatment. The groundwater is preserved in aquifer within the geological formations, i.e., in the alluvium and fractured-rock. However, the groundwater yield of each formation is unknown unless tube well is constructed and pumping test are performed. This study aim to evaluate the tube well performance via pumping test on two different geological formations. This research focuses on the effect of transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, and efficiency of the aquifer, which are step-drawdown test, constant-rate test and recovery test in tube well in geological formation of alluvium and fractured rock. Three well-pumping tests at each formation were conducted at IBS Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK), Kelantan, Sekolah Kebangsaan Chantum, Kelantan, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama Tok Bachok, Kelantan, FRU Wakaf Tapai, Terengganu, Kampung Dada Kering, Kuala Lipis, Pahang, and Kampung Seri Gunung Pulai, Johor, respectively. The aquifer efficiency obtained from the relationship between transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity. The suggested value of 75% efficiency is selected to present the well’s efficiency. The wells efficiency indicate that the alluvium formation has roughly uniform output between 9.39m3/h, 11.23m3/h and 23.38m3/h. Meanwhile in the fractured rock formation the efficiency was highly varied between sites, the highest is 32.33m3/h and the other two sites obtained has low output of 3.44 m3/h and 1.00m3/h respectively. The alluvium aquifer showed uniform water production compared to fractured hard rock aquifer. Meanwhile the water quantity in the fractured hard rock formation is unpredicted, which subjected to the fractured rock characteristic.

The state of water is associated with the viability and acidification capacity of Lactobacilli in frozen sourdough

The correlations between water state and the key factors affecting sourdough quality, including cell activity and acidification capacity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), were established in this study. Results revealed that with the increase of frozen storage time, the cell density (CD), total titratable acidity (TTA), and organic acids content declined, whereas the pH value rose. Further, the freezable water content (FWC) and free water quantity (FWQ) decreased, but the total water loss rate (WLR) and immobilised water quantity (IWQ) increased. The CD showed a highly inversely correlation with WLR, and the pH value was strongly inversely correlated to the FWQ. The confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) observed that the ice crystals had larger volumes during frozen storage. Our data, for the first time, disclosed that the total water content and the FWQ may play a crucial role in maintaining the viability and acidification capacity of LAB in frozen sourdough.

Governing river rehabilitation projects for transformative capacity development

River rehabilitation projects are framed as water security interventions in South Africa. They aim to address water quality and water quantity issues, as well as to improve socio-ecological relationships. These projects acknowledge the value of capacity building and social learning in enhancing water security. However, they adopt different governance approaches and hence have different knowledge construction and capacity building outcomes. This paper employs a ‘governmentality’ framework to analyse the capacity development processes within three river rehabilitation projects in Durban, South Africa. The analysis revealed that the three projects with their different governmentalities produced different capacity development modalities which are utilised to sustain ‘the object of intervention’ in each river rehabilitation project. However, despite these differences, information as the currency of action; the context or site of learning; the importance of building state–citizen relationships; and the need for bridges or intermediaries, emerged as common elements which support capacity building and knowledge sharing across all three projects.

Penentuan Skala Prioritas Pengembangan Potensi Mata Air untuk Irigasi Menggunakan Metode TOPSIS di Kecamatan Singosari Kabupaten Malang

The objective of this study was to determine the order of priority for the development of potential springs as a source of irrigation water using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. This research was conducted in 11 locations of springs in Singosari District, Malang Regency. The spring potential assessment was carried out using 4 criteria consisting of water quantity, water quality, flow continuity, and irrigation area. The quantity of water at the research site is in the range of 8 liters/second – 45,180 liters/second. The water quality of the 11 springs is in the same class, namely C2-S1 with medium salinity hazards and low alkalinity hazards. There were 7 springs with annual flow and 4 springs with seasonal flow. The irrigated area in the study area ranged from 0.12 ha to 98 ha. The order of priority for the 3 highest springs to be developed based on the minimum discharge, namely Umbulan Spring, Sekaran Spring, and Pakisuceng Spring, while based on the maximum discharge, namely Umbulan Spring, Suko Spring, and Petung Wulung Spring.

Impacts of urbanization and climate change on water quantity and quality in the Carp River watershed

Pressure on water resources has reached unprecedented levels during the last decades because of climate change, industrialization, and population growth. As a result, vulnerability to inappropriate water availability and/or quality is increasing worldwide. In this paper, a Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model of the Carp river watershed located in the city of Ottawa, Ontario was calibrated and validated. The model was then used to evaluate the individual and coupled impacts of urbanization and climate change on water quantity (discharge) and quality (nitrogen and phosphorus loads). While most of the watershed is currently rural, the headwaters will undergo rapid urbanization in the future, and there are concerns about possible negative impacts on water quantity and quality. Seven scenarios were developed to represent various watershed configurations in terms of land use and climate regime. Future climate time series were obtained by statistically downscaling the outputs of nine regional climate models, ran under representative concentration pathways (RCP)4.5 and RCP8.5. The impacts were evaluated at the main outlet and at the outlet of an upstream sub-watershed that would be most affected by urbanization. Results show that climate change and urbanization's impacts vary greatly depending on the spatial scale and geographic location. Globally, the annual average discharge will increase between 6.75 and 9.34% by 2050, while changes in annual average nitrogen and phosphorus loads will vary between −1.20 and 24.84%, and 19.15 and 23.81%, respectively. Local impacts in sub-watersheds undergoing rapid urbanization would be often much larger than watershed-scale impacts.

Studi Penutupan Lahan Hulu dan Hilir Dareah Aliran Sungai Liliba Terhadap Kuantitas Air

Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Liliba secara adminitrasi terletak di 2 (dua) daerah adminitrasi yaitu Kota Kupang dan Kabupaten Kupang dengan luas 4.534 ha, panjang sungai utama 20.176,22 m. Daya dukung DAS Liliba sebagai sumberdaya alam (tanah, air, dan vegetasi) sangat dipengaruhi kondisi penutupan lahan. Penurunan kuantitas ditandai dengan semakin berkurangnya debit air pada musim kemarau,. Studi dilakukan selama bulan 3 bulan dari bulan September sampai November 2019. Perubahan penutupan lahan dianalisa berdasarkan klasifikasi penggunaan lahan di DAS Liliba tahun 2008-2018. Kuantitas air dianalisa dengan menggunakan metode Mock pada 4 titik pengamatan. Hasil studi menunjukkan penutupan lahan tipe pemukiman meningkat dari 20.39% pada tahun 2008 menjadi 48.47% pada tahun 2018. Penurunan semak belukar sebesar 19.73% pada tahun 2008 menjadi 0% pada tahun 2018. Penurunan kawasan hutan sekunder dari 15.45% pada tahun 2008 menjadi 10.14 % pada tahun 2018. Kondisi mengakibatkan berkurangnya kuantitas air Debit maksimum terjadi pada bulan Januari, yaitu 1.36 m³/dt, sedangkan debit minimum terjadi pada bulan Oktober, yaitu 0.34 m³/dt. ABSTRACTLiliba water shed locate administratively at Kupang city and district of Kupang with about 4,534 ha of wide and about 20,176.22 m of main river length. Carrying capacity of Liliba watershed as natural resources (soil, water, and vegetation) is affected strongly by land cover conditions. Decreasing in water quantity is indicated by decrease in water discharge during dry season. Study had been conducted at Liliba Water Shed during September to November 2019. Change of land cover was analyzed based on classification land use at Liliba Water Shed during 2008-2018 Water quantity was observed by Mock method at 4 locations. Result of the study showed that land cover of settlement type increased from 20.39% in 2008 to 48.47 % in 2018. Shrubs type decreased from 19.73% in 2008 to 0% in 2018. Moreover, secondary forest areas decreased from 15.45% in 2008 to 10.14% in 2018. These conditions resulted in decreasing of water quantity. Maximum water discharge was 1.36 m3/second occurred in January and minimum water discharge occurred in October was 0.34 m3/second. Meanwhile, analyzed water quality indicated a light level of pollution in all parameters measurements.