scholarly journals Design of a cost-effective electrochlorination system for point-of-use water treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 200437-0
Author(s):  
Mainak Bhattacharya ◽  
Koyel Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Anirban Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Inactivation ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Continuous Flow Reactors

Bacteriological contamination in drinking water is known to be responsible for the spread of various waterborne diseases. Although chlorine is frequently used as disinfectant in water treatment, low-cost disinfecting technologies in the villages of developing and under-developed countries are not yet successfully implemented. This study contributed in designing a simple and inexpensive water disinfection unit to produce chlorine from the naturally available dissolved chloride of groundwater by electrochlorination, using inert and cheap graphite electrodes. Laboratory-based experiments were performed in both batch and continuous flow reactors to study the effect of time, current, electro charge loading (ECL), and surface area of electrodes in chlorine generation and bacterial inactivation. Controlled experiments in continuous mode in the absence of chlorine further indicated the possibility of partial inactivation of bacteria under the influence of the electric field. Finally, a treatment unit with drilled anodes, and undrilled cathode electrodes, in continuous flow set-up was installed in four schools of four different villages in West Bengal, India. An average residual chlorine concentration and removal efficiency of total coliform in the designed systems were determined as 0.3 ± 0.07 mg/L, and 98.4% ± 1.6%, respectively.

scholarly journals Bacterial Disinfection by CuFe2O4 Nanoparticles Enhanced by NH2OH: A Mechanistic Study

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Gu ◽  
Furen Xiao ◽  
Liumin Luo ◽  
Xiaoyu Zhou ◽  
Xiaodong Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Noble Metals ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Mechanistic Study ◽  
Copper Ferrite ◽  
Bacterial Inactivation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species Content ◽  
Current Water

Many disinfection technologies have emerged recently in water treatment industry, which are designed to inactivate water pathogens with extraordinary efficiency and minimum side effects and costs. Current disinfection processes, including chlorination, ozonation, UV irradiation, and so on, have their inherent drawbacks, and have been proven ineffective under certain scenarios. Bacterial inactivation by noble metals has been traditionally used, and copper is an ideal candidate as a bactericidal agent owing to its high abundance and low cost. Building on previous findings, we explored the bactericidal efficiency of Cu(I) and attempted to develop it into a novel water disinfection platform. Nanosized copper ferrite was synthesized, and it was reduced by hydroxylamine to form surface bound Cu(I) species. Our results showed that the generated Cu(I) on copper ferrite surface could inactivate E. coli at a much higher efficiency than Cu(II) species. Elevated reactive oxygen species’ content inside the cell primarily accounted for the strong bactericidal role of Cu(I), which may eventually lead to enhanced oxidative stress towards cell membrane, DNA, and functional proteins. The developed platform in this study is promising to be integrated into current water treatment industry.

scholarly journals A Comparative Review of the Traditional and Modern Methods of Water Treatment

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-51
Author(s):  
Abayomi Olusegun Adeniyi
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Filter Method ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Water Filter ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Modern Methods

Artificial pollution of groundwater may arise from either point or diffuse sources. Several different means to improve the microbial quality of water and reduce waterborne diseases have been documented around the world.  Traditional methods of water treatment include Filtration through winnowing sieve (used widely in Mali), Filtration through cloth (commonly used in villages in India, Mali and the southern part of Niger), Filtration through clay vessels (used in Egypt), filtration through plant material (commonly used in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, India) and Jempeng stone filter method (used in Bali, Indonesia). Modern methods of water treatment include Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS), LifeStraw, Nanofilter, Ceramic water filter, Bio-sand filter and Kanchan Arsenic filter. Comparatively, traditional methods of water treatment employ crude methods which have proved to be effective in relation to filtration but the modern methods make use of newer research technologies in the elimination of pathogens and toxic chemicals to make drinking water more potable and safe.

scholarly journals Study on the efficiency of continuous flow-based constructed wetland system for grey water treatment

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Rengaraj Chithra Devi ◽  
Nirmaladevi D. Shrinithivihahshini ◽  
Rajendran Viji
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Wetland System

Water is inevitable for our life. Due to the population growth, there is a tremendous pressure on the existing fresh water resources such as surface water and ground water. Increasing water demand and improper usage of potable water lead to scarcity of fresh water resources. Globally, treating grey water is a real constraint to minimize the problem of water scarcity. The continuous flow-based constructed wetland system for grey water treatment is a technique for reusing the domestic grey water and it is a low-cost method. The current study was aimed to evolve a suitable user-friendly treatment system for handling the household grey water. In the present study, grey water has been collected from the Bharathidasan University and it has been treated with biofiltration and rhizhodegradation techniques using continuous flow-based constructed wetland system. The system has been found as more effective for treating the Physico-chemical parameters such as suspended solids, pH, electrical conductivity, TS, TDS, DO, BOD, COD, TOC, CO3, HCO3, SO4, NO3, PO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, total hardness, calcium hardness, chloride, and total alkalinity. The results reported the reduction in the biological oxygen demand (89%), chemical oxygen demand (81%), DO (95%), carbonate (100%), sodium (65%), and potassium (85%).It also examined the benefits and risks associated with the results in the reuse of domestic grey water for the purpose of vegetable gardening, irrigation, and toilet flushing. Consequently, this biofiltration method is natural, simple, and low cost-effective treatment in a holistic manner.

scholarly journals Factors involved in sustained use of point-of-use water disinfection methods: a field study from Flores Island, Indonesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Roma ◽  
T. Bond ◽  
P. Jeffrey
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Sustained Use

Many scientific studies have suggested that point-of-use water treatment can improve water quality and reduce the risk of infectious diseases. Despite the ease of use and relatively low cost of such methods, experience shows the potential benefits derived from provision of such systems depend on recipients' acceptance of the technology and its sustained use. To date, few contributions have addressed the problem of user experience in the post-implementation phase. This can diagnose challenges, which undermine system longevity and its sustained use. A qualitative evaluation of two household water treatment systems, solar disinfection (SODIS) and chlorine tablets (Aquatabs), in three villages was conducted by using a diagnostic tool focusing on technology performance and experience. Cross-sectional surveys and in-depth interviews were used to investigate perceptions of involved stakeholders (users, implementers and local government). Results prove that economic and functional factors were significant in using SODIS, whilst perceptions of economic, taste and odour components were important in Aquatabs use. Conclusions relate to closing the gap between factors that technology implementers and users perceive as key to the sustained deployment of point-of-use disinfection technologies.

scholarly journals Kinetic Study & Statistical Modelling of Sarawak Peat Water Electrocoagulation System using Copper and Aluminium Electrodes

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 439-456
Author(s):  
Nazeri Abdul Rahman ◽  
Nurhidayah Kumar Muhammad Firdaus Kumar ◽  
Umang Jata Gilan ◽  
Elisa Elizebeth Jihed ◽  
Adarsh Phillip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Process Optimization ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment

Due to insufficient water supply, the residents of the rural area of Sarawak are forced to use peat water as daily use for domestic water. The consumption of untreated peat water can lead to various waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea, and other serious illnesses such as typhoid and dysentery. Water treatment system such as electrocoagulation system can be developed to improve the water quality of the peat water as electrocoagulation requires simple equipment that can be operated easily, no usage of chemicals coagulant, producing less sludge and cost-effective treatment system. The main aim of this study is to develop a kinetic study and statistical modelling for both batch and continuous electrocoagulation processes of peat water treatment in Sarawak using aluminium and copper electrodes. This study focuses on the peat water treatment using electrocoagulation system. The fabricated electrocoagulation system is designed according to the characteristics in which the technology for building and the material used for constructing the electrocoagulation system should be available locally, the electrocoagulation system should be easy to fabricate and maintain, as well as low cost for construction and operation. For this study, Response Surface Methodology in Minitab software and Microsoft Excel are used for kinetic studies, statistical modelling, and process optimization. Process optimization is carried out to minimize energy consumption as well as the turbidity and TSS level. The optimum conditions for batch and continuous electrocoagulation system are 14.899 A/m2 and 41.818 min, and 3.861 A/m2 and 37.778 min respectively.

scholarly journals Photocatalytic water disinfection by simple and low-cost monolithic and heterojunction ceramic wafers

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1190-1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neel M. Makwana ◽  
Rachael Hazael ◽  
Paul F. McMillan ◽  
Jawwad A. Darr
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Bacterial Inactivation ◽  
Charged Species

Ceramic wafers prepared by a simple, low-cost method, are investigated for photocatalytic water disinfection. Heterojunction wafers were able to sustain the formation of charged species responsible for bacterial inactivation.

scholarly journals The Pathway towards Photoelectrocatalytic Water Disinfection: Review and Prospects of a Powerful Sustainable Tool

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 921
Author(s):  
Sergi Garcia-Segura ◽  
Omotayo A. Arotiba ◽  
Enric Brillas
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Bacterial Inactivation ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Light Delivery ◽  
System Requirements ◽  
Photo Electrode ◽  
Nanostructure Control

Photoelectrocatalysis is a hybrid photon/electron-driven process that benefits from the synergistic effects of both processes to enhance and stabilize the generation of disinfecting oxidants. Photoelectrocatalysis is an easy to operate technology that can be scaled-up or scaled-down for various water treatment applications as low-cost decentralized systems. This review article describes the fundamentals of photoelectrocatalysis, applied to water disinfection to ensure access to clean water for all as a sustainable development goal. Advances in reactor engineering design that integrate light-delivery and electrochemical system requirements are presented, with a description of photo-electrode material advances, including doping, nano-decoration, and nanostructure control. Disinfection and cell inactivation are described using different model microorganisms such as E. coli, Mycobacteria, Legionella, etc., as well the fungus Candida parapsilosis, with relevant figures of merit. The key advances in the elucidation of bacterial inactivation mechanisms by photoelectrocatalytic treatments are presented and knowledge gaps identified. Finally, prospects and further research needs are outlined, to define the pathway towards the future of photoelectrocatalytic disinfection technologies.

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