scholarly journals Effects on the groundwater levels of the May-June 2012 Emilia seismic sequence

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Marcaccio ◽  
Giovanni Martinelli
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Automatic Monitoring ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Seismic Sequence ◽  
Epicentral Area ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
The Past ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Romagna Area

<p>A variety of phenomena were observed in the groundwaters in concomitance with the May-June 2012 seismic sequence that occurred in the Emilia Romagna area. In particular, phreatic wells close to the epicentral area were affected by a sudden increase in water level of up to 4 m. In some cases, the sands of aquifers were ejected outside wells, and &gt;700 liquefaction phenomena were recorded [Bertolini and Fioroni 2012, this volume]. Some automatic stations of the regional well network recorded variations in well levels. These data can be considered useful to understand the relationships between seismic events and the local groundwaters [see also Italiano et al. 2012, this volume]. […] In 1976, a regional network composed of 330 wells was set up with the purpose of monitoring the groundwater levels using manual techniques. These data have been used for environmental purposes and for water management. In recent years, the monitoring network managed by Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione e Ambiente (ARPA) has increased the number of wells (to about 600), and chemical analyses are also periodically carried out for environmental monitoring activities. In the past three years, an automatic monitoring network composed of 40 stations was set up and this has allowed the monitoring of the water levels and the temperatures, at a rate of one measure per hour, and to broadcast the data to the host center located in Bologna. […]</p>

scholarly journals Searching for the effects of the May-June 2012 Emilia seismic sequence (northern Italy): medium-depth deformation structures at the periphery of the epicentral area

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Borgatti ◽  
Antonio Edoardo Bracci ◽  
Stefano Cremonini ◽  
Giovanni Martinelli
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Seismic Sequence ◽  
Surface Phenomena ◽  
Po River ◽  
Epicentral Area ◽  
Ground Fissures ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Geological Surveys ◽  
Emilia Romagna Region

<p>In 2012, a seismic sequence occurred in the lowlands of the Emilia-Romagna Region (northern Italy), between the borders of the Modena, Ferrara and Bologna Provinces. It consisted of seven mainshocks (5.9 &gt; Ml &gt; 5) that were recorded between May 20 and 29, 2012 [INGV 2012a] and 2,200 minor earthquakes [INGV 2012b]. An interferometric analysis [Bignami et al. 2012, Salvi et al. 2012, this volume] highlighted three main deformation areas, each of which was 12 km wide (from S to N) and 10 km to 20 km long in an ESE-WNW to E-W direction, thus affecting an area of about 600 km2 (Figure 1). Field and aerial geological surveys recorded numerous surficial effects, such as: (i) sediment liquefaction [Crespellani et al. 2012]; (ii) localized ground fissures resembling surficial faulting [Fioravante and Giretti 2012] (Figure 2); (iii) groundwater levels rising up to 400 cm above the local ground level in phreatic wells during the mainshocks (lower values were observed in confined aquifers); and (iv) dormancy of previously known sinkholes [Borgatti et al. 2010, Cremonini 2010a, and references therein]. Some of the observed surface phenomena were previously recorded as coseismic effects during the earthquakes of Ferrara (1570) and Argenta (1624) [Boschi et al. 1995, Galli 2000], together with the early rising of the water level of the Po River in the Stellata section. […]</p>

scholarly journals Ground effects and hydrological changes in the Southern Apennines (Italy) in response to the 23 July 1930 earthquake (<i>M<sub>S</sub></i>=6.7)

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 539-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Esposito ◽  
R. Pece ◽  
S. Porfido ◽  
G. Tranfaglia
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Great Earthquake ◽  
Southern Apennines ◽  
Stream Flows ◽  
Loma Prieta Earthquake ◽  
Hydrological Changes ◽  
Water Wells ◽  
Porosity And Permeability ◽  
Set Up

Abstract. The 23 July 1930 earthquake (MS=6.7) in the Southern Apennines (Italy) was a catastrophic event that produced many effects such as surface faulting, fractures, landslides, settlements, hydrological changes, variations in chemical/physical activity related to the volcanic and/or thermal zones and also acoustic and optical phenomena. It is the first great earthquake of the twentieth century that was studied, thanks to the hydrological monitoring network of the Italian Hydrographic Survey (IHS) set up from 1925 to 1929. For this earthquake we analysed the initial IHS hydrometric and pluviometric data, looking for significant anomalies in springs, water wells and mountain streams. Hydrological data relative to rivers, springs and water wells indicate that some changes can be correlated with the earthquake: a post-seismic excess discharge in some streams, pre- and co-seismic decreases in stream flows and water levels in wells, pre- and post-seismic increases in discharges. The pre- and co-seismic stresses and the tectonic deformations were studied in order to find a possible model of interaction between stress state and hydrological variations. The anomalies found in this work can be considered "rebound anomalies", which are the most common precursor reported by many authors and related to increases in porosity and permeability caused by the fracturing that precedes an earthquake. An estimation of the total excess discharge (0.035 km3) caused by the MS=6.7 Irpinia earthquake is consistent with the excess discharge of about 0.01 km3 determined for the Mw=6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake.

FROM FLOOD TO DROUGHT – CHANGES OF HYDROGEOLOGICAL SITUATION IN POLAND BETWEEN 2010–2015

2016 ◽  
pp. 123-0
Author(s):  
Agnieszka KOWALCZYK ◽  
Piotr WESOŁOWSKI ◽  
Małgorzata WOŹNICKA
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Catchment Management ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
National Scale ◽  
National Research Institute ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
The Past ◽  
Groundwater Monitoring Network ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Hydrogeological and hydrological situation is primarily conditioned by climate and natural features, however, land use and catchment management are also important. Both droughts and low groundwater levels, as well as floods and flooding have been occurring in Poland in the past and they will certainly be repeated in the future. Undertaking measures aimed at effective mitigation of effects of such extreme events is possible. Nevertheless, this requires reliable and verifiable hydrogeological forecasting. In order to meet these expectations, the Polish Hydrogeological Survey undertakes cyclic assessments of hydrogeological situation in Poland on a national scale and carries out projections of its changes. This paper presents results of an analysis of hydrogeological situation in Poland between 2010–2015, during which a transition from high groundwater levels in 2010 and 2011 (related to flood events in 2010) to low levels (related to the drought in 2015) were observed. To present the spatio-temporal changes of hydrogeological situation in years 2010–2015 the authors analyze extreme groundwater levels in the considered period based on data from the national groundwater monitoring network of the Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute.

scholarly journals Modelling Groundwater Hydraulics to Design a Groundwater Level Monitoring Network for Sustainable Management of Fresh Groundwater Lens in Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 5200
Author(s):  
Waqas Ahmed ◽  
Zulfiqar Ali Rahimoon ◽  
Carlos Anthony Oroza ◽  
Salman Sarwar ◽  
Abdul Latif Qureshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
Hydrogeological Model ◽  
Fresh Groundwater ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Hexagonal Pattern ◽  
Lower Indus Basin ◽  
Absolute Residual

The over-extraction of groundwater from thin fresh groundwater lenses is a threat to the livelihood of farmers in the Lower Indus Basin (LIB). It is essential to monitor and regulate this pumping to sustain fresh groundwater lenses. In this study, we applied a modelling approach in combination with geostatistical analysis to identify the critical locations to monitor the groundwater levels for sustaining fresh groundwater in the LIB. Our approach included four steps: (i) simulating temporal heads using a calibrated hydrogeological model; (ii) sampling monitoring locations using a hexagonal pattern of sampling; (iii) applying principal component analysis (PCA) of the temporal head observations, and selecting high scoring locations from the PCA; and (iv) minimizing the observation points to represent the water level contours. The calibrated model was able to replicate the hydro-dynamic behavior of the study area, with a root mean square of 0.95 and an absolute residual mean of 0.74 m. The hexagonal pattern of spatial sampling resulted in a 195 point network, but PCA reduced this network to 135 points and contour classification reduced it even further to 59 points. The 195, 135, and 59 point networks represented the water levels with average standard errors of 0.098, 0.318, and 0.610 m, respectively. Long-term simulations with increased pumping showed that the water levels would best be assessed by 195 monitoring points, although 135 and 59 points would represent the depleting area but would not capture the water logging area.

Monitoring zero water level in a drought-affected headwater stream network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelie Herzog ◽  
Kerstin Stahl ◽  
Markus Weiler ◽  
Veit Blauhut
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Stream Network ◽  
Drying Up ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Level Monitoring

&lt;p&gt;Even largely perennial rivers can fall dry during drought events. A resulting partial or full drying-up of streambeds is difficult to monitor with conventional gauging stations, but important as it heavily impacts water availability, quality and aquatic ecosystems. With a predicted tendency towards more extreme droughts, event-based intermittency is likely to increase requiring a better longitudinal quantification of water level and streamflow conditions. The Dreisam River in the south-west of Germany is a stream with a highly dynamic hydrology. In the recent extreme drought years of 2015, 2018 and 2019 the main stream and tributaries partly fell dry; whereas the main gauging station still recorded flow. Furthermore, several tributaries fell dry in 2016, 2017 and 2019.To improve the understanding of the interaction between streamflow, groundwater and water usages in low flow and zero-flow situations, a flexible longitudinal water quality and quantity monitoring network was developed. Different techniques such as QR-code-reading camera systems and ultrasound devices to log water levels as well as water temperature and electrical conductivity sensors were used. The set-up was additionally equipped with conventional capacitive water level loggers. Here, we present a comparison of the different water level monitoring techniques in order to a) evaluate the advantages and limits of the novel techniques and b) investigate any added value of longitudinal, catchment wide zero level monitoring. The results show that the choice of the measurement sites' environment, including shading of QR-codes, light reflections of the water surface and streambed topography, is crucial for a successful application of the used techniques. The distributed gauges reveal a highly variable longitudinal drying pattern within the river network that appears to be event-specific and may not be explained without consideration of all natural and altered system fluxes.&lt;/p&gt;

The Numerical Simulation of Groundwater in the Baisha River Area

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 1913-1918
Author(s):  
Juan Feng ◽  
Quan Sheng Zhao ◽  
Shuang Quan
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Water Quantity ◽  
Sustainable Utilization ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Groundwater Exploitation ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
The Past

Based on the systematic analysis of geological and hydrogeological conditions of Baisha River, the scope of study area and boundary conditions are determined. This paper builds the water quantity model of researched region with the software of MODFLOW. The observational data according to temporal sequence are identified and validated by the water quantity model. Then, we choose the optimal hydrogeology parameters to simulate future groundwater levels. The simulated results show that ground water levels have rebounded to some extent. According to the amount of groundwater exploitation in the past 10 years, the available groundwater is between 1.4~1.6×106m3/a from 2012 to 2015. But the actual amount is only 1.2×106m3/a. Therefore, the region can increase the amount of groundwater exploitation to make more fully use of water resources .But mining can not do without moderation. We should guarantee the safety of groundwater, and then water resources can be fully sustainable utilization. Finally, the essay requests for rational use and protection of the groundwater.

scholarly journals SISMIKO: emergency network deployment and data sharing for the 2016 central Italy seismic sequence

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Moretti ◽  
Silvia Pondrelli ◽  
Lucia Margheriti ◽  
Luigi Abruzzese ◽  
Mario Anselmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Station ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Seismic Monitoring ◽  
Seismic Network ◽  
Seismic Sequence ◽  
British Geological Survey ◽  
Epicentral Area ◽  
Seismic Stations

<p>At 01:36 UTC (03:36 local time) on August 24th 2016, an earthquake Mw 6.0 struck an extensive sector of the central Apennines (coordinates: latitude 42.70° N, longitude 13.23° E, 8.0 km depth). The earthquake caused about 300 casualties and severe damage to the historical buildings and economic activity in an area located near the borders of the Umbria, Lazio, Abruzzo and Marche regions. The Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) located in few minutes the hypocenter near Accumoli, a small town in the province of Rieti. In the hours after the quake, dozens of events were recorded by the National Seismic Network (Rete Sismica Nazionale, RSN) of the INGV, many of which had a ML &gt; 3.0. The density and coverage of the RSN in the epicentral area meant the epicenter and magnitude of the main event and subsequent shocks that followed it in the early hours of the seismic sequence were well constrained. However, in order to better constrain the localizations of the aftershock hypocenters, especially the depths, a denser seismic monitoring network was needed. Just after the mainshock, SISMIKO, the coordinating body of the emergency seismic network at INGV, was activated in order to install a temporary seismic network integrated with the existing permanent network in the epicentral area. From August the 24th to the 30th, SISMIKO deployed eighteen seismic stations, generally six components (equipped with both velocimeter and accelerometer), with thirteen of the seismic station transmitting in real-time to the INGV seismic monitoring room in Rome. The design and geometry of the temporary network was decided in consolation with other groups who were deploying seismic stations in the region, namely EMERSITO (a group studying site-effects), and the emergency Italian strong motion network (RAN) managed by the National Civil Protection Department (DPC). Further 25 BB temporary seismic stations were deployed by colleagues of the British Geological Survey (BGS) and the School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh in collaboration with INGV. All data acquired from SISMIKO stations, are quickly available at the European Integrated Data Archive (EIDA). The data acquired by the SISMIKO stations were included in the preliminary analysis that was performed by the Bollettino Sismico Italiano (BSI), the Centro Nazionale Terremoti (CNT) staff working in Ancona, and the INGV-MI, described below.</p>

Using groundwater levels and Specific Yield to Estimate the Recharge, South of Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Sherwan Sh. Qurtas
Keyword(s):  
Unconfined Aquifer ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Specific Yield ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Monitoring Wells ◽  
Water Table Fluctuation Method ◽  
Recharge Estimation ◽  
Fluctuation Method

Recharge estimation accurately is crucial to proper groundwater resource management, for the groundwater is dynamic and replenished natural resource. Usually recharge estimation depends on the; the water balance, water levels, and precipitation. This paper is studying the south-middle part of Erbil basin, with the majority of Quaternary sediments, the unconfined aquifer system is dominant, and the unsaturated zone is ranging from 15 to 50 meters, which groundwater levels response is moderate. The purpose of this study is quantification the natural recharge from precipitation. The water table fluctuation method is applied; using groundwater levels data of selected monitoring wells, neighboring meteorological station of the wells, and the specific yield of the aquifers. This method is widely used for its simplicity, scientific, realistic, and direct measurement. The accuracy depends on the how much the determination of specific yield is accurate, accuracy of the data, and the extrapolations of recession of groundwater levels curves of no rain periods. The normal annual precipitation there is 420 mm, the average recharge is 89 mm, and the average specific yield is around 0.03. The data of one water year of 2009 and 2010 has taken for some technical and accuracy reasons.

scholarly journals Assessment of Automatically Monitored Water Levels and Water Quality Indicators in Rivers with Different Hydromorphological Conditions and Pollution Levels in Greece

Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Angeliki Mentzafou ◽  
George Varlas ◽  
Anastasios Papadopoulos ◽  
Georgios Poulis ◽  
Elias Dimitriou
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Automatic Monitoring ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Water Quality Indicators ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Riverine Ecosystems

Water resources, especially riverine ecosystems, are globally under qualitative and quantitative degradation due to human-imposed pressures. High-temporal-resolution data obtained from automatic stations can provide insights into the processes that link catchment hydrology and streamwater chemistry. The scope of this paper was to investigate the statistical behavior of high-frequency measurements at sites with known hydromorphological and pollution pressures. For this purpose, hourly time series of water levels and key water quality indicators (temperature, electric conductivity, and dissolved oxygen concentrations) collected from four automatic monitoring stations under different hydromorphological conditions and pollution pressures were statistically elaborated. Based on the results, the hydromorphological conditions and pollution pressures of each station were confirmed to be reflected in the results of the statistical analysis performed. It was proven that the comparative use of the statistics and patterns of the water level and quality high-frequency time series could be used in the interpretation of the current site status as well as allowing the detection of possible changes. This approach can be used as a tool for the definition of thresholds, and will contribute to the design of management and restoration measures for the most impacted areas.

scholarly journals Personal Carbon Trading—Lost in the Policy Primeval Soup?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4592
Author(s):  
Fabio Bothner
Keyword(s):  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Carbon Trading ◽  
Multiple Streams ◽  
Policy Proposal ◽  
The Past ◽  
Multiple Streams Approach ◽  
Carbon Taxation ◽  
Set Up

The number of emission trading and carbon taxation schemes implemented has grown rapidly over the past decade. Together, they cover approximately 16% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Although more than two-thirds of global GHG emissions are related to household consumption, approaches that directly target households, such as personal carbon trading (PCT), do not play a role in the fight against climate change. This is especially puzzling as measures taken so far are not sufficient to reach the 2 °C target. One clue to solving this puzzle comes from political science in the form of the multiple streams approach, which defines criteria that a policy proposal must meet to become part of the political agenda. Based on these criteria, this article conducts a systematic review on PCT to clarify why PCT does not play a role in the reduction of GHG emissions. The results show that there are three main problems with the PCT proposal. First, scholars often criticize the set-up costs as well as the running costs of such a system. Second, there is no clear consensus within the research community on public acceptance of PCT. Third, it is still unclear whether politicians are receptive to PCT or not.

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