Assessing Submarining and Abdominal Injury Risk in the Hybrid III Family of Dummies: Part II - Development of the Small Female Frangible Abdomen

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Rouhana ◽  
Edward A. Jedrzejczak ◽  
Joseph D. McCleary
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Abdominal Injury ◽  
Small Female ◽  
Hybrid Iii

Comparison of High and Low Speed Rear-Impact Head and Neck Injury Risk Measures Related to Occupant Size and Vehicle Seat Strength Characteristics

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Saczalski ◽  
Mark C. Pozzi ◽  
Joseph Lawson Burton
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Risk Measures ◽  
Neck Injury ◽  
Child Injury ◽  
Small Female ◽  
Factorial Method ◽  
Rear Impact ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Head And Neck Injury

This study demonstrates the use of efficient inferred statistical “factorial methods” for scientifically evaluating, with a relatively few tests, the rear-impact occupant “head and neck injury risk” performance of 2 different types of vehicle front seats, with adjustable headrests, when various size occupants are subjected to high and low impact severities. The 2 seat types studied included the stronger “belt-integrated seat” (BIS) designs, with restraints attached and having strength levels beyond 14 kN, and the more common but weaker single recliner (SR) seats, without attached restraints and having only about 3.2 kN strength. Sled-body-buck systems and full vehicle to barrier tests were run with “matched pairs” of surrogates in the 2 seat types at speed changes of 12.5 to 50 kph. Three sizes of Hybrid-III adult surrogates (i.e. 52 kg small female, 80 kg average male, and an average male surrogate ballasted to about 110 kg) were used in the evaluations. Also, some tests were run with 6 year-old Hybrid-III child surrogates located behind the front seats due to interest in potential child injury from collapsing front seats. The 2-level factorial method, combined with a biomechanical ratio comparison and a “student-t” test evaluation, were used to compare safety performance of the 2 seat designs. The resulting data analysis indicates that, in the mid to high range of rear impact severity (i.e. 20 to 50 kph), the stronger BIS seat systems tend to provide greatly improved “head-neck” protection over the weaker SR type seats for both the front seated adult occupants and rear seated children. At the low range of impact severity (i.e. 12.5 to 19 kph) there was no significant statistical difference between either seat types, except that the headrests of both could be improved.

Assessing Submarining and Abdominal Injury Risk in the Hybrid III Family of Dummies

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Rouhana ◽  
David C. Viano ◽  
Edward A. Jedrzejczak ◽  
Joseph D. McCleary
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Abdominal Injury ◽  
Hybrid Iii

Evaluating Abdominal Injury in Impacts with Workstation Tables

2005 ◽  
Vol 1908 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Parent ◽  
David Tyrell ◽  
Benjamin Perlman ◽  
Peter Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Abdominal Injury ◽  
Test Results ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Thoracic And Abdominal ◽  
The Impact

In rail passenger seating arrangements with workstation tables, there is a risk of serious thoracic and abdominal injury. Strategies to mitigate this injury risk are being developed through a cooperative agreement between the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration and the Rail Safety and Standards Board of the United Kingdom. The approach to developing the protection strategies involves collision investigations, computer simulations of the occupant response, and full-scale testing. During the train collision in Placentia, California, on April 23, 2002, many occupants hit workstation tables. The investigation indicated the likely modes of injury caused by the impact, the most traumatic being damage to the liver and spleen. A MADYMO computer simulation was created to estimate the loads and accelerations imparted on the occupants that brought about these injuries. Two experiments were designed and executed on a full-scale impact test with an occupant environment similar to the Placentia collision. These experiments incorporated advanced anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) with increased abdominal instrumentation. The THOR (test device for human occupant restraint) ATD showed a more humanlike impact response than did the Hybrid III Railway Safety ATD. The full-scale test results are used to refine a MADYMO model of the THOR ATD to evaluate improved workstation tables. The occupant protection strategy that will be developed requires that the table remain rigidly attached to the car body and includes a frangible edge with a force–crush characteristic designed to minimize the abdominal load and compression. MADYMO simulations of this table design show a significantly reduced risk of severe abdominal injury.

Multidirection Validation of a Finite Element 50th Percentile Male Hybrid III Anthropomorphic Test Device for Spaceflight Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek A. Jones ◽  
James P. Gaewsky ◽  
Mona Saffarzadeh ◽  
Jacob B. Putnam ◽  
Ashley A. Weaver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Fe Modeling ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Physical Tests ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Male Hybrid

The use of anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) for calculating injury risk of occupants in spaceflight scenarios is crucial for ensuring the safety of crewmembers. Finite element (FE) modeling of ATDs reduces cost and time in the design process. The objective of this study was to validate a Hybrid III ATD FE model using a multidirection test matrix for future spaceflight configurations. Twenty-five Hybrid III physical tests were simulated using a 50th percentile male Hybrid III FE model. The sled acceleration pulses were approximately half-sine shaped, and can be described as a combination of peak acceleration and time to reach peak (rise time). The range of peak accelerations was 10–20 G, and the rise times were 30–110 ms. Test directions were frontal (−GX), rear (GX), vertical (GZ), and lateral (GY). Simulation responses were compared to physical tests using the correlation and analysis (CORA) method. Correlations were very good to excellent and the order of best average response by direction was −GX (0.916±0.054), GZ (0.841±0.117), GX (0.792±0.145), and finally GY (0.775±0.078). Qualitative and quantitative results demonstrated the model replicated the physical ATD well and can be used for future spaceflight configuration modeling and simulation.

Assessment of Acclimation of 5th Percentile Female and 50th Percentile Male Volunteer Kinematics in Low-Speed Frontal and Frontal-Oblique Sled Tests

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-103
Author(s):  
Hana Chan ◽  
◽  
Devon Albert ◽  
F Scott Gayzik ◽  
Andrew R Kemper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Small Female ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Multiple Test ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Male Volunteers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Frontal Crashes

In order to accurately represent the response of live occupants during pre-crash events and frontal crashes, computational human body models (HBMs) that incorporate active musculature must be validated with appropriate volunteer data that represents a wide range of demographic groups and potential crash conditions. The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare occupant kinematic responses for unaware (relaxed) small female and midsize male volunteers during low-speed frontal and frontal-oblique sled tests across multiple test conditions, while recognizing, assessing, and accounting for potential acclimation effects due to multiple exposures. Six 5th percentile female and six 50th percentile male volunteers were exposed to multiple low-speed frontal and frontal-oblique sled tests on two separate test days. Volunteers experienced one test orientation and two pulse severities (1 g and 2.5 g) on each test day. A Vicon motion capture system was used to quantify the three-dimensional (3D) kinematics of the volunteers. Peak forward excursions of select body locations were compared within a test day and between test days for the same test condition to determine if and how acclimation occurred. Differences between demographic groups were also compared after accounting for any observed acclimation. Acclimation was not observed within a test day but was observed between test days for some demographic groups and some test conditions. In general, head, neck, and shoulder responses were affected, but the elbow, hip, and knee responses were not. Males generally moved farther forward compared to females during the frontal tests, but both groups moved forward similarly during the frontal-oblique tests. Overall, this study provides new female and male biomechanical data that can be used to further develop and validate HBMs that incorporate active musculature in order to better understand and assess occupant response and injury risk in pre-crash events and frontal crashes.

Fifth percentile female dummy upper extremity interaction with a deploying side air bag

2003 ◽  
Vol 217 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
S M Duma ◽  
J R Crandall ◽  
W D Pilkey ◽  
K Seki ◽  
T Aoki
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Angular Rate ◽  
Small Female ◽  
Air Bags ◽  
Load Cells ◽  
Injury Tolerance ◽  
Air Bag ◽  
Onset Rate

This paper presents the results from experiments designed to characterize the upper extremity response of the small female during side air bag loading. A seat-mounted thoracic side air bag was deployed statically using three different inflators. The aggressivity of the inflators varied in peak pressure and pressure onset rate. The fifth percentile female HIII dummy was utilized in three positions, which were chosen to maximize loading of the humerus and elbow joint. Two had the dummy positioned outboard with the forearm on the armrest, and the third had the dummy inboard such that the humerus was positioned horizontally in front of the air bag module with the forearm supported above the armrest. Instrumentation for the fifth percentile female dummy included the fully instrumented SAE upper extremity with six axis load cells in the humerus and forearm as well as accelerometers and angular rate sensors attached to each segment. All inflators produced resultant humerus moments below published injury tolerance values for the small female, with the more aggressive air bags producing higher responses. The upper extremity proved useful in evaluating injury risk relative to side air bag design.

Development and Testing of a Prototype Pregnant Abdomen for the Small-Female Hybrid III ATD

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Rupp ◽  
Kathleen Desantis Klinich ◽  
Steve Moss ◽  
Jennifer Zhou ◽  
Mark D. Pearlman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Female ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Female Hybrid

Blast Mitigation Seat Analysis: Assessment of the Effect of Personal Protective Equipment on the 5th Percentile Female Anthropomorphic Test Device Performance in Drop Tower Evaluations

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Bosch ◽  
Katrina Harris ◽  
David Clark ◽  
Risa Scherer ◽  
Joseph Melotik
Keyword(s):  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Drop Tower ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Blast Mitigation ◽  
Military Population ◽  
Small Female ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Technical Publication ◽  
Blast Energy ◽  
Hybrid Iii

To address the lack of knowledge on the quantitative effects of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) on the small occupant, 55 drop tower tests were conducted and the resulting responses were evaluated. A previous technical publication evaluated the results of drop tower testing of twelve models of blast energy-attenuating seats1. That study assessed the data recorded from three sizes of anthropomorphic test devices, or ATDs, including the Hybrid III 5th percentile female, the Hybrid III 50th percentile male, and the Hybrid III 95th percentile male. The forces, moments, and accelerations from the ATDs were compared to Injury Assessment Reference Values (IARVs) to validate the drop tower methodology and to evaluate the appropriateness of the IARVs developed for the three occupant sizes. The data review revealed that the maximum lumbar compression loads recorded by the ATDs was an effective “go/no-go” criteria for judging seat performance, and that the 5th percentile female ATD, or small occupant, was the most difficult to pass the corresponding lumbar compression IARV. Additionally, the 5th percentile female ATD exceeded its corresponding IARV for upper neck compression, leading to the motivation for this study; the data set from the previous technical publication was used in this study. Historically, blast mitigation seats are designed to accommodate the average sized occupant, or 50th percentile male. Moving forward, there is a new emphasis on extending the protection afforded to the full military population, including the small female. The data presented in this paper seeks to determine the effect of PPE on the lumbar compression and upper neck loads for the small occupant.

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