Assessing Submarining and Abdominal Injury Risk in the Hybrid III Family of Dummies

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Rouhana ◽  
David C. Viano ◽  
Edward A. Jedrzejczak ◽  
Joseph D. McCleary
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Abdominal Injury ◽  
Hybrid Iii

Evaluating Abdominal Injury in Impacts with Workstation Tables

2005 ◽  
Vol 1908 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Parent ◽  
David Tyrell ◽  
Benjamin Perlman ◽  
Peter Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Abdominal Injury ◽  
Test Results ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Thoracic And Abdominal ◽  
The Impact

In rail passenger seating arrangements with workstation tables, there is a risk of serious thoracic and abdominal injury. Strategies to mitigate this injury risk are being developed through a cooperative agreement between the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration and the Rail Safety and Standards Board of the United Kingdom. The approach to developing the protection strategies involves collision investigations, computer simulations of the occupant response, and full-scale testing. During the train collision in Placentia, California, on April 23, 2002, many occupants hit workstation tables. The investigation indicated the likely modes of injury caused by the impact, the most traumatic being damage to the liver and spleen. A MADYMO computer simulation was created to estimate the loads and accelerations imparted on the occupants that brought about these injuries. Two experiments were designed and executed on a full-scale impact test with an occupant environment similar to the Placentia collision. These experiments incorporated advanced anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) with increased abdominal instrumentation. The THOR (test device for human occupant restraint) ATD showed a more humanlike impact response than did the Hybrid III Railway Safety ATD. The full-scale test results are used to refine a MADYMO model of the THOR ATD to evaluate improved workstation tables. The occupant protection strategy that will be developed requires that the table remain rigidly attached to the car body and includes a frangible edge with a force–crush characteristic designed to minimize the abdominal load and compression. MADYMO simulations of this table design show a significantly reduced risk of severe abdominal injury.

Multidirection Validation of a Finite Element 50th Percentile Male Hybrid III Anthropomorphic Test Device for Spaceflight Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek A. Jones ◽  
James P. Gaewsky ◽  
Mona Saffarzadeh ◽  
Jacob B. Putnam ◽  
Ashley A. Weaver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Fe Modeling ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Physical Tests ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Male Hybrid

The use of anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) for calculating injury risk of occupants in spaceflight scenarios is crucial for ensuring the safety of crewmembers. Finite element (FE) modeling of ATDs reduces cost and time in the design process. The objective of this study was to validate a Hybrid III ATD FE model using a multidirection test matrix for future spaceflight configurations. Twenty-five Hybrid III physical tests were simulated using a 50th percentile male Hybrid III FE model. The sled acceleration pulses were approximately half-sine shaped, and can be described as a combination of peak acceleration and time to reach peak (rise time). The range of peak accelerations was 10–20 G, and the rise times were 30–110 ms. Test directions were frontal (−GX), rear (GX), vertical (GZ), and lateral (GY). Simulation responses were compared to physical tests using the correlation and analysis (CORA) method. Correlations were very good to excellent and the order of best average response by direction was −GX (0.916±0.054), GZ (0.841±0.117), GX (0.792±0.145), and finally GY (0.775±0.078). Qualitative and quantitative results demonstrated the model replicated the physical ATD well and can be used for future spaceflight configuration modeling and simulation.

Baseball Head Impacts to the Non-Helmeted and Helmeted Hydrid III ATD

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas H. Yang ◽  
Kathleen Allen Rodowicz ◽  
David Dainty
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Lateral Impact ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Ball Impact ◽  
Exit Velocity ◽  
Head Impacts ◽  
Frontal Impacts ◽  
High Velocity Impacts ◽  
Hybrid Iii

Traumatic brain injury may occur in baseball due to a head impact with a thrown, pitched, or batted ball. It has been shown that the average pitching speed of youth pitchers and high school pitchers is approximately 63 mph (28 m/s) and 74 mph (33 m/s), respectively. At pitching speeds of approximately 52 mph (23 m/s), the bat exit velocity (BEV) for metal bats has been shown to be approximately 100 mph (45 m/s). Head kinematics, such as linear and angular head accelerations, are often used to establish head injury risk for head impacts. With a possible ball impact velocity reaching speeds in excess of those typically tested for baseball headgear, it is necessary to understand how the head will respond to high velocity impacts in both helmeted and non-helmeted situations. In this study, head impacts were delivered to the front and side of a Hybrid III 50th percentile male anthropomorphic test device (ATD) by a baseball traveling at speeds of 60 mph (27 m/s), 75 mph (34 m/s), and 100 mph (45 m/s). Head impacts were performed on the non-helmeted ATD head and with the ATD wearing a standard batting helmet certified in accordance with the NOCSAE standard. The Hybrid III headform was instrumented with a nine accelerometer array to measure linear accelerations of the head and determine angular accelerations. Peak resultant linear head accelerations for the non-helmeted ATD were approximately 200–400 g for frontal impacts and approximately 220–480 g for lateral impacts. Peak resultant angular head accelerations for the non-helmeted condition were approximately 17,000–32,000 rad/s2 for frontal impacts and approximately 30,000–60,000 rad/s2 for lateral impacts. For the helmeted ATD, peak resultant linear accelerations of the head were approximately 70–300 g for frontal impacts and approximately 80–360 g for lateral impacts. Peak resultant angular head accelerations for the helmeted ATD were approximately 5,000–14,000 rad/s2 for frontal impacts and approximately 7,500–30,000 rad/s2 for lateral impacts. HIC values for the non-helmeted ATD were approximately 193–1,025 for frontal impacts and approximately 241–1,588 for lateral impacts. SI values for the non-helmeted ATD were approximately 235–1,267 for frontal impacts and approximately 285–1,844 for lateral impacts. HIC values for the helmeted ATD were approximately 16–415 for frontal impacts and approximately 23–585 for lateral impacts. SI values for the helmeted ATD were approximately 25–521 for frontal impacts and approximately 32–708 for lateral impacts. In comparison to the non-helmeted condition, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of a batting helmet in mitigating head accelerations for the frontal and lateral impact conditions tested.

Numerical assessment of occupant responses during the bus rollover test: A finite element parametric study

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (8) ◽  
pp. 2195-2215 ◽  
Author(s):  
MohammadReza Seyedi ◽  
Sungmoon Jung
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Side Wall ◽  
Neck Injury ◽  
Tilt Table ◽  
Side Window ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Ece R66 ◽  
Occupant Kinematics

Rollover crashes of buses are usually associated with multiple impacts that can result in complex interactions between passengers and a bus superstructure. Although there have been a few field data studies that provide some insights into occupant injuries (e.g. severity and distribution of injuries) during the real-world bus rollover crash, because they had used post-crash data, the occupant kinematics and injury mechanisms were not completely detailed in their results. Based on a literature review, available numerical and experimental studies on a bus rollover safety have mainly focused on structural integrity rather than considering occupant responses in their assessment. In addition, their results about occupant responses in bus rollover crashes show some discrepancies in terms of the estimated injury distribution, severity, and causes. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to provide a more detailed understanding of the occupant kinematics and associated injury risk during the ECE R66 tilt table bus rollover test using validated finite element (FE) models. The ECE R66 tilt table rollover was simulated using a full finite element model of the bus. A 50th percentile male Hybrid III Anthropomorphic test device (ATD) and EuroSID-2re FE models were selected to simulate the occupant’s motion. Each ATD was seated adjacent to the impacted side wall and restrained with a 2-point seatbelt. Simulation parameters included two impact surface friction values and different side window conditions. The results indicated that both ATD estimated the highest injury risk when the partial ejection occurred. They predicted a similar injury risk for the head and thorax. The ES-2re estimated a very low risk of neck injury in all simulations, whereas the Hybrid III estimated the high risk of a neck injury. Finally, recommendations to potentially reduce the injuries were provided and possible future works were suggested.

Predictors of Pediatric Abdominal Injury Risk

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristy B. Arbogast ◽  
Irene Chen ◽  
Michael L. Nance ◽  
Dennis R. Durbin ◽  
Flaura K. Winston
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Abdominal Injury

scholarly journals Hybrid III ATD in Inverted Impacts: Influence of Impact Angle on Neck Injury Risk Assessment

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 1403-1414 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Fréchède ◽  
A. McIntosh ◽  
R. Grzebieta ◽  
M. Bambach
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Impact Angle ◽  
Neck Injury ◽  
Hybrid Iii

Boxing and mixed martial arts: preliminary traumatic neuromechanical injury risk analyses from laboratory impact dosage data

2012 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
pp. 1070-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Bartsch ◽  
Edward C. Benzel ◽  
Vincent J. Miele ◽  
Douglas R. Morr ◽  
Vikas Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Neck Injury ◽  
Mixed Martial Arts ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Risk Parameters ◽  
Head And Neck Injury

Object In spite of ample literature pointing to rotational and combined impact dosage being key contributors to head and neck injury, boxing and mixed martial arts (MMA) padding is still designed to primarily reduce cranium linear acceleration. The objects of this study were to quantify preliminary linear and rotational head impact dosage for selected boxing and MMA padding in response to hook punches; compute theoretical skull, brain, and neck injury risk metrics; and statistically compare the protective effect of various glove and head padding conditions. Methods An instrumented Hybrid III 50th percentile anthropomorphic test device (ATD) was struck in 54 pendulum impacts replicating hook punches at low (27–29 J) and high (54–58 J) energy. Five padding combinations were examined: unpadded (control), MMA glove–unpadded head, boxing glove–unpadded head, unpadded pendulum–boxing headgear, and boxing glove–boxing headgear. A total of 17 injury risk parameters were measured or calculated. Results All padding conditions reduced linear impact dosage. Other parameters significantly decreased, significantly increased, or were unaffected depending on padding condition. Of real-world conditions (MMA glove–bare head, boxing glove–bare head, and boxing glove–headgear), the boxing glove–headgear condition showed the most meaningful reduction in most of the parameters. In equivalent impacts, the MMA glove–bare head condition induced higher rotational dosage than the boxing glove–bare head condition. Finite element analysis indicated a risk of brain strain injury in spite of significant reduction of linear impact dosage. Conclusions In the replicated hook punch impacts, all padding conditions reduced linear but not rotational impact dosage. Head and neck dosage theoretically accumulates fastest in MMA and boxing bouts without use of protective headgear. The boxing glove–headgear condition provided the best overall reduction in impact dosage. More work is needed to develop improved protective padding to minimize linear and rotational impact dosage and develop next-generation standards for head and neck injury risk.

Influence Factors of Railway Vehicle Interior Impact Injury

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 227-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Bin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Railway Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Interior ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
The Face ◽  
Occupant Injury ◽  
American Standard ◽  
Impact Injury

Based on interior configurations of railway vehicle of China and simulation using modeling of MADYMO Hybrid III 50% Dummy, the occupant injury of interior impact in railway crash events is analyzed according the European and American standard. The results indicated that in the face to face seating without table, the injury is serious then face to back and face to face with table .The other affect factors are the stiffness of interior equipment and the distance of seats. It is needed to optimize the parameter of interior equipment to reduce injury risk for the occupants under collision scenarios. At last the suggestions and methods for railway vehicle occupant safety protection are put forward in the paper.

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