scholarly journals On the Role of Analogy Mechanism in Meaning Evolution of Chinese New Words

2015 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
Jiang Tongxuan
Keyword(s):  
New Words

scholarly journals COMPOUND NOUNS IN GERMAN LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10(78)) ◽  
pp. 124-127
Author(s):  
Svitlana Korol
Keyword(s):  
Component Composition ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Regular Growth ◽  
German Language ◽  
New Words ◽  
Plural Form ◽  
Compound Nouns ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Relationship Of

The article deals with one of the most common types of word formation in German as word compounding. Compound nouns have become the object of study, as this part of the language leads the way in the formation of new words in this way. The relevance of the research is reinforced by the fact that German compound nouns differ by their multicomponent structure and are in the process of regular growth of their numbers, so they are attracting the attention of Germanists of different generations continuously. The study has examined the nature of the component composition of composites, the types of bonding between components, the types of constituent components, the role of the connecting element, the syllable’s accentuation of components of the compound noun etc. The compound can be built from nouns, adjectives, verbs or an invariable element (prepositions). There is no limit of the number of the associated words. The last word in the compound always determines the gender and plural form of the compound noun. The connectors or linking elements in existing German compound words often correspond to old case endings (e.g., plural, genitive). These endings expressed the relationship of the compound parts to one another. The article considers the causes of the formation of complex nouns. Compounds make the German language more flexible. In general, compounds are used to convey more information in one word and for reasons of language economy. Special attention deserves such a phenomenon as Denglish. This is the mashing of words from the two languages to create new hybrid words.

scholarly journals Geographical and social isolation drive the evolution of Austronesian languages

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243171
Author(s):  
Cecilia Padilla-Iglesias ◽  
Erik Gjesfjeld ◽  
Lucio Vinicius
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Group ◽  
Geographical Isolation ◽  
Austronesian Languages ◽  
New Words ◽  
Gain Loss

The origins of linguistic diversity remain controversial. Studies disagree on whether group features such as population size or social structure accelerate or decelerate linguistic differentiation. While some analyses of between-group factors highlight the role of geographical isolation and reduced linguistic exchange in differentiation, others suggest that linguistic divergence is driven primarily by warfare among neighbouring groups and the use of language as marker of group identity. Here we provide the first integrated test of the effects of five historical sociodemographic and geographic variables on three measures of linguistic diversification among 50 Austronesian languages: rates of word gain, loss and overall lexical turnover. We control for their shared evolutionary histories through a time-calibrated phylogenetic sister-pairs approach. Results show that languages spoken in larger communities create new words at a faster pace. Within-group conflict promotes linguistic differentiation by increasing word loss, while warfare hinders linguistic differentiation by decreasing both rates of word gain and loss. Finally, we show that geographical isolation is a strong driver of lexical evolution mainly due to a considerable drift-driven acceleration in rates of word loss. We conclude that the motor of extreme linguistic diversity in Austronesia may have been the dispersal of populations across relatively isolated islands, favouring strong cultural ties amongst societies instead of warfare and cultural group marking.

scholarly journals Gaze as a Window to the Process of Novel Adjective Mapping

Languages ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Hanako Yoshida ◽  
Aakash Patel ◽  
Joseph Burling
Keyword(s):  
Learning Task ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Attention Allocation ◽  
Correct Item ◽  
New Words ◽  
Knowledge Account ◽  
Category Knowledge ◽  
Children's Attention ◽  
Performance Results

This study evaluated two explanations for how learning of novel adjectives is facilitated when all the objects are from the same category (e.g., exemplar and testing objects are all CUPS) and the object category is a known to the children. One explanation (the category knowledge account) focuses on early knowledge of syntax–meaning correspondence, and another (the attentional account) focuses on the role of repeated perceptual properties. The first account presumes implicit understanding that all the objects belong to the same category, and the second account presumes only that redundant perceptual experiences minimize distraction from irrelevant features and thus guide children’s attention directly to the correct item. The present study tests the two accounts by documenting moment-to-moment attention allocation (e.g., looking at experimenter’s face, exemplar object, target object) during a novel adjective learning task with 50 3-year-olds. The results suggest that children’s attention was guided directly to the correct item during the adjective mapping and that such direct attention allocation to the correct item predicted children’s adjective mapping performance. Results are discussed in relation to their implication for children’s active looking as the determinant of process for mapping new words to their meanings.

scholarly journals The role of sublexical variables in reading fluency development among Spanish children

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 858-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta ÁLVAREZ-CAÑIZO ◽  
Paz SUÁREZ-COALLA ◽  
Fernando CUETOS
Keyword(s):  
Reading Fluency ◽  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
Context Dependency ◽  
Orthographic Representation ◽  
New Words ◽  
Orthographic Representations ◽  
Syllabic Structure ◽  
Context Dependent

AbstractSeveral studies have found that, after repeated exposure to new words, children form orthographic representations that allow them to read those words faster and more fluently. However, these studies did not take into account variables related to the words. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of sublexical variables on the formation of orthographic representations of words by Spanish children. The first experiment used pseudo-words of varying syllabic structure and syllabic frequency. The stimuli for the second experiment were formed with or without context-dependent graphemes. We found that formation of orthographic representations was influenced by syllabic structure (easier for words with simple syllabic structure) and the context-dependency of graphemes (easier in the absence of context-dependent graphemes), but not syllabic frequency. These results indicate that the easier it is to read a word, the easier it is to form an orthographic representation of it.

Non-verbal Language: Sign Language

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Дубинский ◽  
Vladimir Dubinskiy
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
New Words ◽  
Verbal Language ◽  
Language System ◽  
Important State

Constructive signs that occupy the important state by forming and organizing of the think, the means of the speech property and subjective manner of the expression denotation in discourse are considered. The specifics of their content and constructive components and the role of the discoursemodal words in the utterance are determined$ their functional-stylistic attitude in the language system is fixed. The going linguistic changes are described; becoming obsolete and disappearing of some words, appearing of the new words and their structural-communicative state, the transformation of some language units meanings are described.

From sound to syntax: phonological constraints on children's lexical categorization of new words

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 967-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
STANKA A. FITNEVA ◽  
MORTEN H. CHRISTIANSEN ◽  
PADRAIC MONAGHAN
Keyword(s):  
French Language ◽  
French Immersion ◽  
Extensive Experience ◽  
New Words ◽  
Phonological Knowledge ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Language Environment ◽  
Computational Analyses ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTTwo studies examined the role of phonological cues in the lexical categorization of new words when children could also rely on learning by exclusion and whether the role of phonology depends on extensive experience with a language. Phonological cues were assessed via phonological typicality – an aggregate measure of the relationship between the phonology of a word and the phonology of words in the same lexical class. Experiment 1 showed that when monolingual English-speaking seven-year-olds could rely on learning by exclusion, phonological typicality only affected their initial inferences about the words. Consistent with recent computational analyses, phonological cues had stronger impact on the processing of verb-like than noun-like items. Experiment 2 revealed an impact of French on the performance of seven-year-olds in French immersion when tested in a French language environment. Thus, phonological knowledge may affect lexical categorization even in the absence of extensive experience.

scholarly journals Reduplication in Kurukh: A Study in Word-formation Processes and Vocabulary Acquisition

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Alisha Vandana Lakra ◽  
Md. Mojibur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
Vocabulary Acquisition ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
New Words ◽  
Diachronic Study

Change is the nature of every  living language for better communication. These changes can be phonological, morphological, syntactical and lexical, because of various linguistic affects. The synchronic and diachronic study of language proves that it enriches the vocabulary of the language. Another reason for the enrichment of vocabulary is through morphological word formation process which are mainly inflectional, derivational, compounding and reduplication, etc. Reduplication is implicit to phonological (sounds and prosodic units) and morphological (word constituents) components. It occurs in many languages and helps in the formation of new words. The present study concentrates on the process of reduplication Kurukh and the role of reduplication  in acquiring vocabulary.

scholarly journals Роль картотеки «портретів слів» в укладанні словників нового покоління

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 93-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Євгенія [IEvheniia] Анатоліївна [Anatoliïvna] Карпіловська [Karpilovs'ka]
Keyword(s):  
Online Resources ◽  
New Words ◽  
Text Databases ◽  
Card Index ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Time Subject

The role of “portraits of words” card index in the compiling of new generation dictionariesThe article presents the concept of “portraits of words” card index as a necessary tool of the analysis of language changes for the compiling of dictionaries of new generation. Such card index contains information not only about the use of words in the texts of various functional styles, time, subject and purpose, but also about their systemic characteristics: paradigmatic, syntagmatic and epidigmatic (derivational and associative). The information about a word gathered in the card index of this type serves as guidelines for its verification in the corpus as well as in the various text databases, including online resources. It allows to check the use of new words, their spelling variations, development of their semantics, the course of their competition with other nominations of the same realities, processes or attributes in the texts. A “portraits of words” card index, as juxtaposed with the corpus and texts, signals the need to supplement the corpus with certain types of texts, as well as the need to change the annotation of its texts. This enables the preparation of verified materials for the compiling of new generation dictionaries. Rola kartoteki „portretów słów” w tworzeniu słowników nowej generacjiW artykule przedstawiono koncepcję kartoteki „portretów słów” jako narzędzia analizy zmian językowych niezbędnego przy tworzeniu słowników nowego pokolenia. Kartoteka taka mieści w sobie informacje nie tylko o tym, jak słowo używane jest w tekstach o różnych stylach funkcjonalnych, z różnych okresów, o różnej tematyce i różnym przeznaczeniu, lecz także o jego charakterystykach systemowych: paradygmatycznych, syntagmatycznych i epidygmatycznych (słowotwórczych i asocjacyjnych). Informacje na temat słowa zgromadzone w takiej kartotece będą służyć jako swego rodzaju punkty orientacyjne przy weryfikacji występowania danego wyrazu w korpusie i bazach tekstów, zwłaszcza w internecie. Informacje te dają możliwość przeprowadzania porównań z tekstami pod kątem występowania nowych słów, wariantów ich pisowni, rozwoju ich semantyki, przebiegu ich konkurencji z innymi sposobami opisu tych samych realiów, procesów czy cech. Kartoteka tego rodzaju, w zestawieniu z korpusem i tekstami, sygnalizuje konieczność uzupełnienia korpusu o pewne rodzaje tekstów, a także potrzebę zmiany oznaczeń umieszczonych w korpusie tekstów – a tym samym pozwala na przygotowanie zweryfikowanego materiału wyjściowego do tworzenia słowników nowego pokolenia.

scholarly journals Semantic and episodic processes differently predict false memories in the DRM task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Gatti ◽  
Luca Rinaldi ◽  
Giuliana Mazzoni ◽  
Tomaso Vecchi
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
New Words ◽  
False Recognitions ◽  
Specific Contribution

There is a fervent debate about the processes underpinning false memories formation. Seminal theories have suggested that semantic memory would be involved in false memories production, while episodic memory would counter their formation. Yet, direct evidence corroborating such view is still missing. Here, we tested this possibility by asking participants to perform the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) task, a typical false memory paradigm, in which they had to study lists of words and subsequently to recognize and distinguish them from new words (i.e., the false memory items). The same participants were also required to perform a semantic task and an episodic-source memory task. Our results showed that a higher number of false memories in the DRM task occurred for those participants with better semantic memory abilities, while a lower number of false memories occurred for participants with better episodic abilities. These findings support a key role of semantic processes in false memory formation and, more generally, help clarify the specific contribution of different memory systems to false recognitions.

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