scholarly journals Domestic Water Quality in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maged H. Hussein Maged H. Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Underground Storage ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Intermittent Water Supply ◽  
Water Tanks ◽  
The City

Due to water resources shortage in Saudi Arabia, the water authority relies on intermittent water supply system. In this system, the city is divided into a number of small sectors, and water is pumped rotationally between the sectors according to an operational schedule. The frequency of water pumping to a given sector varies from several days to weeks. Between the intermittent water supply, pipes remain empty and dry for long periods. Consumers construct the underground storage water tanks to meet their demands. Lack of sewerage systems in many areas with high water table in the city lead to the presence of cesspools near the underground storage water tanks. Potential leakage of polluted water into the distribution network is very high and the pipe system is exposed to the pressure of contaminated surrounding water table. These factors enhance the risk of drinking water contamination. The first objective of this study is to assess the quality of domestic water supply in Jeddah. One hundred and thirteen water samples were collected in a five-month period between January and June 2009. Thirteen parameters were evaluated and compared to the maximum level of the WHO and Gulf standards for un-bottled drinking water. The results showed a compliance with the drinking water standards regarding the physical and chemical parameters, except five samples which have exceeded the maximum allowable limit for iron. The bacteriological results showed that up to 60% of the samples were contaminated with total coliform. The second objective is to evaluate the suitability and reliability of the most purchased domestic water purification units (point-of-use) POU, and to select the suitable water purification unit for the residential water in Jeddah. Unit III, which consists of fiber filters, activated carbon filter and the ultraviolet UV- Sterilizer of ultraviolet (UV), was found to be suitable for domestic use in Jeddah

DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC, CADMIUM, LEAD, COOPER AND ZINC IN DRINKING WATER FROM R. MACEDONIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1259-1264
Author(s):  
Kiril Lisichkov ◽  
Katerina Atkovska ◽  
Neven Trajchevski ◽  
Orce Popovski ◽  
Nadica Todorovska
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Cadmium Lead ◽  
The City

The presence of some chemical compounds at higher levels than maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) in the drinking water, suggests of water resources pollution. In this paper the following elements were analyzed: total arsenic, cadmium, lead, cooper and zinc. Twelve samples of water from the water supply system from the city of Skopje were examined during one year from three different springs. Also, ten samples of bottled water from three producers from the Macedonian market were tested.The determined average mass concentrations of total As, Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) in the analyzed water samples from the water supply system are 1.35 μg/l, 0.06 μg/l, 0.6 μg/l, 0.9 μg/l and 1,12 μg/l, respectively, and for the tested bottled water, the mean values ranges from 0.56 - 0.83 μg total As / l, 0.053 - 0.056 μg Cd(II)/l, 0.51 - 0.54 μg Pb(II)/l , 0.6 - 0.87 μg Cu(II)/l and 0.68 - 0.8 μg Zn(II)/l water.The following instrumental analytical methods and techniques were used for the analysis of the tested samples of drinking water: flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic absorption spectroscopy with hydride cеll, electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy.The obtained results are shown in tables and graphic form. According to the obtained results a comparative analysis was carried out indicate that it is a water of good quality that can be used in different branches of the process industry.The obtained results in this paper do not exceed the values of the MPC of the Republic of Macedonia prescribed by the legal regulations for the drinking water, which confirm the health safety of the drinking water from the water supply system in the city of Skopje and the packed waters from the Macedonian market in relation to the tested elements.

Evolution of Pumping and Piezometry of the Carboniferous Aquifers, Western Border of Aïr Massif

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
Alhassane Illias ◽  
Abdou Babaye Maman Sani ◽  
Issa M. Salmanou Souleymane ◽  
Ousmane Boureima
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Western Border ◽  
The City

The Tarat aquifer provides drinking water for the population of the city of Arlit and also provides water to industries. The exploitation of this aquifer has considerably increased in recent years. The main objective of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the functioning of the Tarat aquifer. Thus, a methodological approach focusing mainly on the piezometric study and the analysis of evolution and estimation of the volumes of water pumped, since its development from 1969 to 2012, which has resulted in highlighting not only a general decline in the level of the Tarat aquifer, but also the piezometer level (Arli_182), reacts strongly to the solicitations of the aquifer. On this same piezometer, the water table was lowered by 30 m from 1980 to 2006 (26 years), so a drawdown of 0.86 /year.

scholarly journals RISK ASSESSMENT OF CHILDREN’S HEALTH DUE TO THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES OF THE NON-CENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY OF THE CITY OF EKATERINBURG

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (9) ◽  
pp. 997-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia G. Konshina
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
The Body ◽  
Arsenic Compounds ◽  
Traditional Assessment ◽  
The City

Introduction. In recent years, the risk assessment methodology has become the leading tool for assessing the health of various groups of the population, allowing identifying priority negative environmental factors. Material and methods. There were explored 212 wells, including 150 in collective gardens and 62 in cottage settlements. The priority oral route of chemical intake into the body was studied. Results. Nitrates and arsenic compounds create the main non-carcinogenic risk in the sources of non-centralized water supply in the territory of the Municipal Settlement of the city of ekaterinburg. When using water from wells in cottage settlements levels of non-carcinogenic risks are significantly lower than non-carcinogenic risks in horticultural partnerships. Acceptable level of non-carcinogenic risk for children under 6 years are related with 17.4% of water sources in collective gardens and 25% of wells in cottage settlements; for adults - 60.8% and 93.8% respectively. The detected nitrate concentrations in individual wells of horticultural associations can create a high non-carcinogenic risk. The total individual lifetime carcinogenic risk, both in the water of collective gardens and in the water wells of cottage settlements ranges from 10-5 to 10-4 and, therefore, is at a low level, the greatest contribution is made by arsenic compounds. Discussion. In contrast to the earlier traditional assessment of drinking water quality, when the main substances for which the discrepancy was found to hygienic standards were manganese, nitrates, iron and silicon, in the assessment of water danger using the methodology of risk assessment, nitrates and arsenic come to the first place, with a much smaller role of manganese. The calculation of carcinogenic risks using age correction factors (ADAF) has increased the risk values calculated by the traditional method by almost 2 times. Summary Levels of non-carcinogenic risks when using water from wells in cottage settlements are significantly lower than non-carcinogenic risks in horticultural partnerships.

scholarly journals Building a Methodology for Assessing Service Quality under Intermittent Domestic Water Supply

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assia Mokssit ◽  
Bernard de Gouvello ◽  
Aurélie Chazerain ◽  
François Figuères ◽  
Bruno Tassin
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water System ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Service ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
History Of

This document proposes a methodology for assessing the quality of water distribution service in the context of intermittent supply, based on a comparison of joint results from literature reviews and feedback from drinking water operators who had managed these networks, with standards for defining the quality of drinking water service. The paper begins by reviewing and proposing an analysis of the definition and characterization of intermittent water supply (IWS), highlighting some important findings. The diversity of approaches used to address the issue and the difficulty of defining a precise and detailed history of water supply in the affected systems broadens the spectrum of intermittency characterization and the problems it raises. The underlined results are then used to structure an evaluation framework for the water service and to develop improvement paths defined in the intermittent networks. The resulting framework highlights the means available to water stakeholders to assess their operational and management performance in achieving the improvement objectives defined by the environmental and socio-economic contexts in which the network operates. Practical examples of intermittent system management are collected from water system operators and presented for illustration purposes (Jeddah, Algiers, Port-au-Prince, Amman, Cartagena, Barranquilla, Mexico, Cancun, Saltillo, Mumbai, Delhi, Coimbatore …).

scholarly journals Predicting children's blood lead levels from exposure to school drinking water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-601
Author(s):  
Dawit Debebe ◽  
Fiseha Behulu ◽  
Zerihun Getaneh
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
World Health ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
The City

Abstract Human beings could be exposed to impacts associated with heavy metals such as lead (Pb) through drinking water. The objective of this study was to evaluate quality of water consumed by kindergarten school children in Addis Ababa city, who are highly susceptible to issues related to heavy metals in water. Through conducting chemical analysis, using microwave plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (MP-AES), the level of lead (Pb) was measured at 38 selected schools in the city. Drinking water samples were taken from three water supply sub-systems: Akaki, Legedadi, and Gefersa. Results revealed the average Pb concentration in the city was 62.37 μg/L which is significantly higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended threshold value of 10 μg/L. The children's blood lead levels and exposure to Pb were also calculated using the integrated exposure uptake bio-kinetic (IEUBK) model as per USEPA guidelines. Estimated geometric mean blood lead levels (BLLs) for each school ranged from 4.4 to 13.2 μg/dL. On average, the model predicted that 20% of children in the city will have blood lead levels above the WHO recommended 10 μg/dL. The study can be considered as an unprecedented piece of work as it addresses critical issues and methods to mitigate problems caused by high concentration of Pb in water supply distribution infrastructure.

scholarly journals Contribution to study of the dependability of a drinking water system

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Djamila Boumelita ◽  
Lahbassi Ouerdachi ◽  
Nasr-Eddine Debbache
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Block Diagram ◽  
Water System ◽  
Spatial Modelling ◽  
Structural Aspect ◽  
Drinking Water System ◽  
Criticality Index ◽  
The City

AbstractIn order to ensure better availability of water resource to different users, we undertook a dependability study of system for drinking water supply. A real case study was done on the water supply network in the city of El Hadjarin Algeria. We started from the site modelling, which provided a calculation of a Hydraulic Criticality Index (HCI) in order to prioritize the importance of pipes in the network. Once the indices were calculated, a modelling procedure of reliability block diagram was applied. The objective was to study and analyse the existing network to measure the water availability problems and try to provide viable solutions. An action on the structural aspect and hardware may be required in order to ensure better availability of water and make the system more reliable. Spatial modelling is also proposed to be able to monitor different parts of the network where problems may occur.

scholarly journals Cell death indicators in children under exposure to excessive intake of chlorine compounds with drinking water

2017 ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
D Dianova ◽  
N Zaitseva ◽  
O Dolgikh ◽  
A Krivtsov
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Glutathione Transferase ◽  
Annexin V ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Domestic Water Supply

Objective. The study of the immune status features including cell death markers in children consuming drinking water with excessive content of chlorine compounds. Materials and methods. Including the control group, 498 pre-school children were surveyed. The control group comprised 212 children living on territories where circulating groundwater is used as a source of domestic water supply. The study group consisted of 286 children living on territories with sources of domestic water supply presented by surface water of low quality due to microbiological indicators, which calls for the use of chlorine-containing agents for water disinfection. To conduct the study the chemical-analytical, immunological and statistical methods were used. Results. It was revealed that in the blood of children consuming hyperclorinated water, the concentration of chloroform in a range of 0 mg/dm3 - 0.2300 mg / dm3 has been identified, meanwhile in the biological medium of the control group children, the chloroform has not been detected. Using flow cytometry the statistically significant (р = 0.001) decrease (up to 1.7 fold) of Annexin V-FITC +PI- -cells amount (early apoptosis) and up to 2.4 fold increase (р = 0.001) of Annexin V-FITC+PI+ -cells content (late apoptosis / necrosis) was found in those children, who were exposed to the excessive content of chloroform with drinking water, relative to the values fixed in non-exposed children. Conclusions. It was demonstrated that under the increased chlorine compounds concentrations in blood the probable mechanism of apoptotic effect was related to the enzyme systems activation, associated with glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, superoxide dismutase. The reference concentrations for chlorine-containing compounds in blood were proved by the criteria of IL6 and CD4+ -, CD8+ -, CD19+ -, CD25+ - lymphocytes content and their acceptable concentration range in blood (0.00001 mg / dm3 - 0.0181 mg / dm3) was defined.

scholarly journals Emergency Water Supply of Rzeszow / Kryzysowe Zaopatrzenie Rzeszowa W Wodę

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
Janusz R. Rak ◽  
Izabela Piegdoń ◽  
Karolina Homa
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Systemic Crisis ◽  
Emergency Water Supply ◽  
The City

Abstract In this study the methodology of balancing water needs in a crisis situation was presented. The example was done for city of Rzeszow. The municipal infrastructure: water supply system, sewage system, gas network, heating and energy systems was shortly characterized. The research undertaken in this study was related to Systemic Crisis Management and protection of the inhabitants of the city. The balance of emergency water supply Rzeszow in drinking water for the 29 neighborhoods of the city was shown.

scholarly journals PUBLIC ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY IN THE CITY OF NORILSK

2021 ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
N. V. Karmanovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Supply Network ◽  
Water Supply Network ◽  
Industrial Region ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
The City ◽  
Concentration Of Impurities

According to UN estimates, the shortage of safe drinking water can become one of the most acute and pressing problems. The specificity of this problem for Russia is not a shortage of water resources, but their pollution and ongoing degradation of water bodies. The quality of water is understood as the totality of its properties associated with the nature and concentration of impurities in the water. Water analysis is the only tool for monitoring its condition and properties. During the experiment, a team of researchers took samples of drinking water from the water supply network in various districts of the Norilsk industrial region, studied the dependence of the quality characteristics of water on the location and sampling method. Based on the findings, conclusions on the quality of drinking water were drawn. During the experiment, the authors found that in terms of organoleptic indicators, drinking water in all areas of the NIR meets the requirements of Sanitary Rules and Regulations and GOST. Taking samples at three control points of the Norilsk industrial region, it has been proven that the water is soft and its salt content is mainly due to the presence of hardness salts. Having made the necessary analyses, the authors found that the presence of microorganisms in the water supply network of the NIR is not significant, the permanganate oxidisability indicator does not exceed the requirements of Sanitary Rules and Regulations.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Pollution Elements at Samara Water Table – Iraq

2020 ◽  
pp. 898-907
Author(s):  
Marwah S. Shimal ◽  
Auday H. Shaban
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Covered Area ◽  
Who Standards ◽  
Agriculture Irrigation ◽  
The City

Underground water is extracted by wells that are connected through underground canals. Thus, the levels of pollutant elements in ground water could be evaluated directly from water samples collected from the wells. This study was conducted in the city of Samara / Salah-Aldeen province – Iraq. The samples were taken from 29wells within the study area for the period 2012-2014 with a supervision from the General Authority for Groundwater / the Iraqi Ministry of Water Resources. GIS technology was adopted to calculate the pollution elements at Samara water table. The concentrations of chemical elements [K, Na, Mg, Cl, Ca] and compounds [SO4, HCO3] were manipulated and calculated for the entire area. The results of laboratory analyses showed that the groundwater in this area is not suitable for use as drinking water for humans, since the concentrations of the chemical elements and the compounds exceeded the permissible limits and are not in accordance with WHO standards. However, the results also indicated that the groundwater in the covered area is suitable for agriculture irrigation.

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