Grain yields from spring-sown Canadian wheats grown in saline rooting media

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Steppuhn ◽  
K. G. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
The United States ◽  
Salt Resistance ◽  
Laboratory Procedure ◽  
Rooting Media ◽  
Full Complement ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Tolerance Testing ◽  
Greenhouse Tests

Farmers seek information about the salt tolerances of wheat. Two greenhouse tests conducted at the Swift Current Salt Tolerance Testing Laboratory determined the response of four spring-sown Canadian wheat cultivars (Katepwa, Biggar, Fielder and Kyle) to increasingly saline rooting media. The first test followed the United States Salinity Laboratory procedure of increasing root-zone salinity gradually after plant emergence, and the second provided full complements of salts before seeding. The plants were grown in sand tanks irrigated four times daily with hydroponic solutions containing salt concentrations of up to 14 dS m−1 equivalent electrical conductivity for saturated soil paste extracts (ECe) Grain yield and plant height began to decline within all cultivars at equivalent ECe-values ranging between 0.5 and 2.5 dS m−1. At 4 dS m−1, grain production dropped to 80% or less of that produced in non-saline rooting media. Kyle and Fielder plants showed slightly more salt tolerance than those of Katepwa or Biggar (i.e., moderately sensitive rather than sensitive). Gradually adding the salts after plant emergence resulted in a tendency for greater salt-tolerance estimates than obtained by subjecting the plants to the full complement of salts at seeding. At the concentrations tested, the salinity affected the number of fertile spikes per plant more than it affected the number of plants reaching harvest. Key words: Salt tolerance, salt resistance, salinity, crop growth modelling, crop response

Salt Resistance and Adaptation to Root-Zone Hypoxia in Sunflower

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Kriedemann ◽  
R Sands
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Salt Resistance ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Ion Exclusion ◽  
Root Aerenchyma ◽  
Reciprocal Transfer

Sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.) were grown in temperature controlled (20-21°C) nutrient solutions under greenhouse conditions for up to 50 days. Root-zone oxygen status was varied by either continuous aeration or periodic gassing with nitrogen to simulate root response to anaerobiosis under flood irrigation. Salt treatments (up to 200 mM final concentration in culture solution) were imposed either during sustained aeration v. hypoxia, or else initiated at the time of reciprocal transfer between those two levels of oxygenation. Continuously aerated v. hypoxic cultures served for comparison. Salt tolerance threshold, and especially Na+ ion exclusion, was lowered by hypoxia, while selectivity for K+ over Na+ ions also diminished. Such plants showed partially reversible decline in laminar expansion with reduction in aeration status and, due to a much reduced root : shoot ratio, were prone to wilting. Adaptive responses to hypoxic culture solution, viz. minor osmotic adjustment within laminar tissues plus formation of root aerenchyma tissue external to an endodermal layer, appeared to confer improved salt tolerance when salinization coincided with lowered oxygenation. Time lag, between decline in root-zone O2 status, and onset of plant response, would limit relevance of this adaptation for improved salt resistance in cropping situations to periods of low transpirational demand.

Emergence, height, grain yield and oil content of camelina and canola grown in saline media

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Steppuhn ◽  
K C Falk ◽  
R. Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Salt Resistance ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
False Flax ◽  
Testing Facility ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Tolerance Testing

Crops of CS15 camelina and InVigor 9590 canola, grown under field conditions in Canada’s Salinity Tolerance Testing Facility, were evaluated for plant emergence, height, shoot biomass, grain yield, oil content and composition. The crops were seeded directly into sand tanks flushed four times daily with hydroponics consisting of nutrients and salts ranging in salinity from negligible to severe. Sulphate-based solutions averaging 1.4 (nutrients only), 3.0, 6.0, 10.0, 14.7, 19.9, and 27.0 dS m-1 in electrical conductivity (ECsol) resulted in respective cumulative emergence of 99.0 to 42.1% for the camelina and 99.3 to 79.6% for the canola and showed statistical differences only at the two highest salinity treatments. Plant height differences between the camelina and the canola increased as salinity increased: from 16% at 1.4 dS m-1 to 60% at 19.9 dS m-1. Grain yields under salinity relative to the salt-free yield decreased more for the camelina than for the canola at all ECsol-levels. The salinity tolerance index based on the ECsol -value at 50% of the maximum grain yield indicated that the camelina registered less than half (7.4) of that for the canola (18.0). The percentage oil content of the canola oilseed averaged 40% until salinity exceeded 20 dS m-1, while that of the camelina averaged 35% until 10 dS m-1, before declining. Key words: Camelina sativa, false flax, salinity tolerance, salt resistance, Brassica napus, canola

Emergence, height, and yield of canola and barley grown in saline root zones

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 815-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Steppuhn ◽  
J. P. Raney
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Salt Resistance ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Grain Crop ◽  
Rate Of Emergence ◽  
Tolerance Indices ◽  
Greenhouse Tests

The salinity tolerance of a crop relates to its inherent ability to yield economic product as root-zone salinity increases. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) ranks as one of the more salt-tolerant of the annual cereal grain crops, but producers seek a salt-resistant, non-cereal grain crop as an agronomic alternative for saline fields. Could canola (Brassica napus L.) serve as this alternative? Two greenhouse tests were conducted to determine the inherent crop responses of three canola cultivars (Quantum, Hyola 401, InVigor 2573) to saline rooting media compared with that of Harrington barley. These crops were grown in sand tanks flushed four times daily with solutions dominated either by chlorides with salt concentrations measuring from 1.4 to 32 dS m-1 or by sulphates from 1.6 to 27 dS m-1 . In the Cl-test, the rate of emergence and the emergence time of the Quantum plants lagged those for Hyola and Harrington. In the SO4-test, these measures for the InVigor plants equalled those for the Hyola, but lagged those for Harrington. Relative crop height at harvest did not differ among the test crops in either test. Crop grain yields relative to the salt-free production analysed by the modified-discount equation resulted in Cl-solution tolerance indices of 11.0, 14.3, and 12.6 for Harrington, Hyola, and Quantum and SO4-solution indices of 11.4, 15.6, and 16.7 for Harrington, Hyola, and InVigor, respectively. Covariance analyses based on paired t-tests confirmed the conclusion that the salinity tolerance of the canola cultivars equalled that of Harrington barley. Key words: Salt tolerance, salt resistance, salinity, canola, barley, abiotic crop-stress

scholarly journals Impact of gamma irradiation pretreatment on biochemical and molecular responses of potato growing under salt stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elhamahmy Ali Mohamed ◽  
Elsadany Osama ◽  
Eid Manal ◽  
Abdelazeem Samah ◽  
Gerish Salah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Genetic Marker ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Salt Resistance ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Potato Genotype ◽  
Potato Callus ◽  
Primer Sequence ◽  
Significant Increment

Abstract Background Previous literatures revealed that gamma rays have an increasing effect on salt tolerance in different plants. In vitro experiment was conducted to study the effect of gamma rays (20 Gray) on salt tolerance of four potato cultivars (Lady Rosetta, Diamante, Gold, and Santana). Results Gamma-treated Santana plantlets were more tolerant to salinity as compared to other cultivars. It showed a significant increment of fresh weight (250% over the untreated). Gamma-treated plantlets of Lady Rosetta, Diamante, and Gold showed higher activity of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Isoenzymes analysis showed an absence of POD 3, 4, and 5 in Gold plantlets. The dye of most PODs and PPOs bands were denser (more active) in gamma-treated plantlets of Santana as compared to other cultivars. Both gamma-treated and untreated plantlets showed the absence of PPO1 in Lady Rosetta and Diamante, and PPO 3, 4, and 5 in Gold plantlets. Genetic marker analysis using ISSR with six different primers showed obvious unique negative and positive bands with different base pairs in mutant plantlets as compared to the control, according to primer sequence and potato genotype. The 14A primer was an efficient genetic marker between mutated and unmutated potato genotypes. Santana had a unique fingerprint in the 1430-pb site, which can be a selectable marker for the cultivar. An increment in genetic distance between Gold cultivar and others proved that the mutation was induced because of gamma rays. Conclusion We assume that irradiation of potato callus by 20-Gy gamma rays is an effective process for inducing salt resistance. However, this finding should be verified under field conditions. Graphic Abstract

Early signalling processes in roots play a crucial role in the differential salt tolerance in contrasting Chenopodium quinoa accessions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Bazihizina ◽  
Federico Vita ◽  
Raffaella Balestrini ◽  
Claudia Kiferle ◽  
Stefania Caparrotta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Root Apex ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Bladder Cell ◽  
Receptor Kinases ◽  
Root Plasma Membrane

Abstract Significant variation in epidermal bladder cell (EBC) density and salt tolerance (ST) exists amongst quinoa accessions, suggesting that salt sequestration in EBCs is not the only mechanism conferring ST in this halophyte. In order to reveal other traits that may operate in tandem with salt sequestration in EBCs and whether these additional tolerance mechanisms acted mainly at the root or shoot level, two quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) accessions with contrasting ST and EBC densities (Q30, low ST with high EBC density versus Q68, with high ST and low EBC density) were studied. The results indicate that responses in roots, rather than in shoots, contributed to the greater ST in the accession with low EBC density. In particular, the tolerant accession had improved root plasma membrane integrity and K+ retention in the mature root zone in response to salt. Furthermore, superior ST in the tolerant Q68 was associated with faster and root-specific H2O2 accumulation and reactive oxygen species-induced K+ and Ca2+ fluxes in the root apex within 30 min after NaCl application. This was found to be associated with the constitutive up-regulation of the membrane-localized receptor kinases regulatory protein FERONIA in the tolerant accession. Taken together, this study shows that differential root signalling events upon salt exposure are essential for the halophytic quinoa; the failure to do this limits quinoa adaptation to salinity, independently of salt sequestration in EBCs.

TOLERANCE OF FLAX TO DICAMBA APPLIED TO THE FOLIAGE AND TO THE SOIL

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-596
Author(s):  
E. S. Molberg
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Root Uptake ◽  
The Other ◽  
Severe Injury ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Greenhouse Tests

Injury to flax was greater from root uptake than from foliage absorption of dicamba (2,3-dichloro-o-anisic acid) in greenhouse tests. Applications of 0.140 kg/ha (2 oz/acre) of dicamba to both foliage and soil in an overall spray, combined with leaching of the chemical to the root zone, injured the flax beyond recovery. On the other hand, an overall spray without subsequent leaching caused negligible injury. The data help explain the occasional severe injury to flax experienced in field operations.

scholarly journals New Sources of Lettuce Aphid Resistance in Lettuce

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1109A-1109
Author(s):  
James D. McCreight
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pest ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
The United States ◽  
Inheritance Of Resistance ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Lactuca Virosa ◽  
Nasonovia Ribisnigri ◽  
Lactuca Serriola ◽  
Salinas Valley ◽  
Greenhouse Tests

Lettuce aphid (Nasonovia ribisnigri Mosley) is a recent insect pest to lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production in the United States. The single dominant gene, Nr, conditions resistance to the lettuce aphid in Lactuca virosa accession IVT280 from The Netherlands and is available in a limited number of commercial lettuce cultivars. New and genetically unique sources of resistance are sought to broaden the genetic base for resistance to the lettuce aphid. About 1200 lettuce PI lines were evaluated for resistance to lettuce aphid in greenhouse tests using a strain of lettuce aphid obtained from commercial lettuce in Salinas Valley, Calif. In 2002, plants were individually infested with five 24-hour nymphs per plant (controlled protocol), and the numbers of aphids per plant were counted 10–14 days post-infestation (dpi). Beginning in 2003, plants were mass-infested (mass protocol) with nymphs and alates of various ages and numbers. Using the mass protocol, the number of aphids per plant 10–14 dpi were estimated and categorized using a 1–5 scale where 1 = 0 aphids per plant, 2 = 1–10 aphids per plant, 3 = 11–20 aphids per plant, 4 = 21–30 aphids per plant, and 5 = >30 aphids per plant. `Salinas' and `Barcelona' were included as susceptible and resistant controls, respectively. Most of the accessions were susceptible. A few accessions had a few plants with very low numbers of aphids after repeated infestation, but their progeny were susceptible. Two accessions were highly resistant: PI 491093, a Lactuca serriola accession from Turkey, and PI 274378, a L. virosa accession from France. Inheritance of resistance in these two accessions and their allelism to Nr remains to be determined.

scholarly journals Rapid Screening for Relative Salt Tolerance among Chile Pepper Genotypes

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1192-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Denise S. Rodriguez ◽  
Kevin Crosby ◽  
Daniel Leskovar ◽  
John Jifon
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Visual Quality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Chile Peppers

Chile peppers are economically important crops in southern regions of the United States. Limited information is available on irrigation management with low-quality water or on salt-affected soils. The objective of this study was to determine the relative salt tolerance of 20 genotypes of chile peppers. In Expt. 1, seeds of selected pepper types (Anaheim, Ancho, Cayenne, Paprika, Jalapeño, Habanero, and Serrano) were germinated in potting mix and seedlings were grown in 2.6-L pots. Six weeks after sowing, salinity treatments were initiated by irrigating plants with nutrient solutions of different electrical conductivities (ECs): 1.4 (control), 3.0, or 6.0 dS·m−1. After 1 month of initiating treatments, shoots were harvested and dry weights were determined. All plants survived and no visual salt injury was observed regardless of pepper variety and treatment. There were no statistical differences between control and saline solution treatments in final height and shoot dry weight of Habanero 1, ‘Early Jalapeño’, ‘AZ-20’, ‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’, and ‘NuMex Sandia’. In Expt. 2, seeds of 20 genotypes were directly sown in 2.6-L containers filled with loamy sand. Saline water irrigation was initiated 37 days after sowing by irrigating plants either with saline (nutrient solution based, similar to Expt. 1) or nutrient solution (control). More than half the genotypes did not have 100% survival in the salinity treatment. Ancho 1, Ancho 2, Cayenne 1, ‘Early Jalapeño’, and ‘AZ-20’ had 100% survival regardless of salinity treatment. No plants of ‘TAM Mild Habanero’ survived when irrigated with saline water and less than half of the plants survived in the control. The relative tolerance of chile genotypes to salinity varied with substrate in some genotypes. From the combined results of the two experiments, the 20 pepper genotypes were ranked for salt tolerance based on seedling survival, visual quality, and growth. ‘Early Jalapeño’ and ‘AZ-20’ were relatively tolerant to salinity among the 20 genotypes, whereas ‘TAM Mild Habanero’ and ‘Ben Villalon’ were sensitive. Ancho 1, Ancho 2, Cayenne 1, and Cayenne 2 also had relatively high tolerance based on survival and visual quality, although shoot growth was reduced significantly.

scholarly journals Melatonin Application Improves Salt Tolerance of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) by Enhancing Antioxidant Capacity

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huifang Cen ◽  
Tingting Wang ◽  
Huayue Liu ◽  
Danyang Tian ◽  
Yunwei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Salt Resistance ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
Mda Content ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important and widely cultivated forage grass. The productivity and forage quality of alfalfa are severely affected by salt stress. Melatonin is a bioactive molecule with versatile physiological functions and plays important roles in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Melatonin has been proven efficient in improving alfalfa drought and waterlogging tolerance in recent studies. In our reports, we applied melatonin exogenously to explore the effects of melatonin on alfalfa growth and salt resistance. The results demonstrated that melatonin application promoted alfalfa seed germination and seedling growth, and reduced oxidative damage under salt stress. Further application research found that melatonin alleviated salt injury in alfalfa plants under salt stress. The electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and H2O2 content were significantly reduced, and the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) were increased with melatonin pretreatment compared to control plants under salt stress with the upregulation of genes related to melatonin and antioxidant enzymes biosynthesis. Melatonin was also involved in reducing Na+ accumulation in alfalfa plants. Our study indicates that melatonin plays a primary role as an antioxidant in scavenging H2O2 and enhancing activities of antioxidant enzymes to improve the salt tolerance of alfalfa plants.

scholarly journals Preparation of a Hydrophobic-Associating Polymer with Ultra-High Salt Resistance Using Synergistic Effect

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zhang ◽  
Jincheng Mao ◽  
Jinzhou Zhao ◽  
Xiaojiang Yang ◽  
Tao Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Shear Resistance ◽  
Salt Resistance ◽  
Fracturing Fluids ◽  
Micellar Polymerization ◽  
Associating Polymer

Polymer, SRP-2-1, was synthesized by micellar polymerization and characterized by 1H NMR. Salt tolerance and viscoelasticity tests verified that the salt resistance of SRP-2-1 was promoted by the synergistic effects of oxyethylene groups, sulfonate, and hydrophobic chains. It is suggested that the structure of SRP-2-1 became more compact with increasing salinity. Furthermore, a mechanism is proposed as to why SRP-2-1 solution has excellent salt-resistance properties. The experimental results indicate that, because of the good shear resistance properties, the polymer SRP-2-1 could be used as an alternative in many fields, for instance in fracturing fluids, enhanced oil recovery, and sewage treatment.

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