An evaluation of estimating and indexing methods to simplify the determination of management treatment effects on raspberry yields

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Kowalenko
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Nutrient Effects ◽  
Biomass N ◽  
Index Methods

The effectiveness of using several proposals to estimate or index yield and size of raspberries as an alternative to picking berries as they ripen was examined in two field plot trials over two seasons at two locations in south coast British Columbia. The evaluation included examination of general correlations of the proposed estimate and index values with fresh picked yield, comparison of the significant nutrient and inter-row management treatment effects on proposed method values with effects on fresh picked yield values, influence of individual cane variability to distinguish significant treatment effects, and the effect of N on plant components used to derive the estimate and index method. Correlation coefficients for all yield estimate and index method values with fresh picked yields were generally good. Crop management treatment effects determined by the estimate and index values, however, were not the same as determined by harvesting the berries as they ripened. This showed that the estimate and index method values were biased relative to picked yield. Cane-to-cane variability within individual treatment plots was sufficiently large that differences between treatments had to be greater than 10 to 15% to be significant at P < 0.05 when five canes were randomly sampled for index component measurements to represent the plants in the plot. The five canes sampled for each plot were 5 to 10% of all the floricanes in the plots of this study. The concentration and biomass N measurements that were possible on the floricane components that were sampled for the index methods showed that management treatments of the two trials of the study could have influenced berry development, and hence contributed to the bias of the estimate and index method values relative to fresh picked yield. Although the estimate and index methods were generally quite well correlated with fresh picked yield, caution is advised when they are used directly as alternatives to fresh picking to evaluate crop management treatment effects on berry yield. Further knowledge about the physiological changes that occur during berry ripening may provide opportunities to improve the estimate and index measurements. Key words: Raspberry, Rubus idaeus L., yield estimate, yield index, nutrient effects, nitrogen effects

scholarly journals Acute effects of mustard, horseradish, black pepper and ginger on energy expenditure, appetite,ad libitumenergy intake and energy balance in human subjects

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. T. Gregersen ◽  
A. Belza ◽  
M. G. Jensen ◽  
C. Ritz ◽  
C. Bitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Few Data

Chilli peppers have been shown to enhance diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and reduce energy intake (EI) in some studies, but there are few data on other pungent spices. The primary aim of the present study was to test the acute effects of black pepper (pepper), ginger, horseradish and mustard in a meal on 4 h postprandial DIT. The secondary aim was to examine the effects on subjective appetite measures,ad libitumEI and energy balance. In a five-way placebo-controlled, single-blind, cross-over trial, twenty-two young (age 24·9 (sd4·6) years), normal-weight (BMI 21·8 (sd2·1) kg/m2) males were randomly assigned to receive a brunch meal with either pepper (1·3 g), ginger (20 g), horseradish (8·3 g), mustard (21 g) or no spices (placebo). The amounts of spices were chosen from pre-testing to make the meal spicy but palatable. No significant treatment effects were observed on DIT, but mustard produced DIT, which tended to be larger than that of placebo (14 %, 59 (se3)v.52 (se2) kJ/h, respectively,P= 0·08). No other spice induced thermogenic effects approaching statistical significance. Subjective measures of appetite (P>0·85),ad libitumEI (P= 0·63) and energy balance (P= 0·67) also did not differ between the treatments. Finally, horseradish decreased heart rate (P= 0·048) and increased diastolic blood pressure (P= 0·049) compared with placebo. In conclusion, no reliable treatment effects on appetite, EI or energy balance were observed, although mustard tended to be thermogenic at this dose. Further studies should explore the possible strength and mechanisms of the potential thermogenic effect of mustard actives, and potential enhancement by, for example, combinations with other food components.

Growth of Staphylococcus aureus on Beef Steaks as Influenced by Type of Packaging1,2

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. LUITEN ◽  
J. A. MARCHELLO ◽  
F. D. DRYDEN
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Group 12 ◽  
Gas Atmosphere ◽  
Beef Steaks ◽  
Retail Conditions

Beef loin steaks were inoculated with 105 cells of Staphylococcus aureus/cm2 in two separate trials to determine the effects of different packaging treatments upon the organism's growth. Each trial utilized 72 samples which were randomly assigned to four packaging treatments: (1) over-wrapped in oxygen-permeable film; (2) vacuum packaged; (3) packaged in barrier bags flushed with a 60% CO2 : 40% O2 gas atmosphere then evacuated and sealed; and (4) packaged in barrier bags filled with a 60%CO2 : 40% O2 gas atmosphere. In each treatment group, 12 samples were inoculated with S. aureus while 6 were uninoculated and used as controls. All samples were displayed under simulated retail conditions at 10 C and enumerated for S. aureus after 3, 6 and 9 days. Numbers of S. aureus remained relatively constant for all treatments throughout the 9 day period. Results from a comparison of treatments for Trials I and II were variable; however, no significant treatment effects were found when data from both trials were pooled.

THE DAIRY HERD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND FARM PRODUCTIVITY

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. T. BOWMAN ◽  
J. E. MOXLEY ◽  
B. W. KENNEDY ◽  
B. R. DOWNEY
Keyword(s):  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Farm Productivity ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Management Factors ◽  
Feed Costs

A study, based on a series of three questionnaires covering calf management, mastitis control and land and crop management, was conducted from 1975 to 1977 on a random sample of 640 dairy farms on the Dairy Herd Analysis Service (DHAS). Information on dairy cow nutrition, farm production efficiency and farm productivity, as measured by herd average production of 4% fat-corrected milk (4% FCM) and income overfeed costs, was obtained from the 1975–76 DHAS annual data files for these farms. Analysis of the complete information on all factors concerned was done on 216 farms. In a multiple regression analysis, 37 farm management factors accounted for 79.9 and 69.5% of the variation in herd average production and income over feed costs, respectively. Levels of meal and succulent (silage) feeding accounted for the largest amount of the variation in production and income. Significant simple correlation coefficients indicated that the land and crop management factors had an important influence on herd nutrition.

scholarly journals RUMEN METABOLISM AND FEEDLOT RESPONSES BY STEERS FED TYLOSIN AND MONENSIN

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 919-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. J. HORTON ◽  
H. H. NICHOLSON
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
Alfalfa Meal

Ninety-six Hereford steers with an average weight of 336 kg were fed tylosin (Tylan, Elanco Division, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, In., U.S.A.) (11 mg/kg of diet), monensin (Rumensin, Elanco Division, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, In., U.S.A.) (33 mg/kg of diet), tylosin plus monensin or a nonmedicated control diet for 105 days. The diets contained 60% barley, 36% alfalfa meal, 2% tallow, 1% Co + I salt and 1% vitamin premix. Organic matter and crude protein digestibilities tended to be higher (P < 0.10) in steers fed monensin. Both tylosin and monensin increased (P < 0.05) acid detergent fiber digestibility. Tylosin did not affect molar proportions of ruminal VFA or ammonia. Monensin increased (P < 0.05) propionic acid and reduced (P < 0.05) acetic and butyric acids. There were no treatment effects on ruminal dehydrogenase activity or plasma urea nitrogen. Ruminal free amino acids were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in steers fed tylosin, both alone and with monensin. There were no significant treatment effects on feedlot performance or carcass measurements and there was no evidence of a complementary interaction of tylosin and monensin. The incidence of liver abscesses was reduced (P < 0.05) by tylosin. Steers with normal livers gained 5% faster (P > 0.05) than steers with abscessed livers.

scholarly journals Individual Treatment Effects of Budget Balance Rules

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (274) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Caselli ◽  
Daniel Stoehlker ◽  
Philippe Wingender
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effects ◽  
National Level ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Average Treatment Effect ◽  
Fiscal Rules ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Budget Balance ◽  
The Government ◽  
Country Specific

This paper investigates the heterogenous effects of budget balance rules on fiscal policy in a large sample of countries. To derive country-specific treatment effects of fiscal rules and conduct inference, we use a Synthetic Difference-in-Differences Method. Our results indicate that countries with a budget balance rule improve their fiscal balance on average by around 3 percent after its introduction. However, our results also illustrate the importance of going beyond the average treatment effect, as it masks significant heterogeneity in the country-specific impact of the rule. We find that countries that would have had large deficits in the absence of the fiscal rule exhibit positive treatment effects, thus reducing their budget deficits. On the other hand, countries with budget surpluses respond to fiscal rules by reducing their budget surplus and moving closer to the numerical target of the rule. Our results also suggest that rules’ design matters: a small overall number of fiscal rules, and the presence of a monitoring process outside the government, especially at the supra-national level, improve significantly the effectiveness of the rules.

scholarly journals Disparities in prostate cancer treatment associated with population density of the county of residence.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 117-117
Author(s):  
Clint Cary ◽  
Anobel Odisho ◽  
Matthew R. Cooperberg
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Localized Prostate Cancer ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Metropolitan Counties

117 Background: We sought to assess disparities in primary treatment of prostate cancer by examining the effect of population density of the county of residence on treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer and quantify variation in primary treatment attributable to county and SEER site. Methods: Participants included 138,226 men with clinically localized prostate cancer who underwent surgery, radiation, or conservative therapy in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) database diagnosed in 2005 through 2008. Mixed effects hierarchical logit models were used to examine the effect of population density of the county of residence on treatment while accounting for the random effects of counties nested within SEER sites. In order to quantify the effect of county and SEER site on individual treatment, the percent of total variance in treatment attributable to county of residence and SEER site was estimated with residual intraclass correlation coefficients. Results: Men in metropolitan counties had 23% higher odds of being treated compared with men in rural counties, controlling for number of urologists per county as well as patient clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. Age, race/ethnicity, PSA at diagnosis, and tumor characteristics were also significant predictors of treatment in the multivariable model. The percent of variation in treatment attributable to the county of residence was consistently higher than that attributable to SEER site. 3% (95% CI: 1.2%-6.2%) of the total variation in treatment was attributable to SEER site, while 6% (95% CI: 4.3%-9.0%) of variation was attributable to county of residence, controlling for clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. This variation at the county and SEER site increased to 4% and 10%, respectively, when specific type of treatment (surgery or radiation) was assessed. Conclusions: Variation in treatment for localized prostate cancer exists for men living in different population dense counties of the country. These findings highlight the need for comparative effectiveness research and health policy initiatives to advance prostate cancer research and reduce disparities in current clinical practice.

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