The biology of Canadian weeds. 9. Thlaspi arvense L. (updated)

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 803-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. Warwick ◽  
A. Francis ◽  
D. J. Susko
Keyword(s):  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Disturbed Soils

An updated review of biological information is provided for Thlaspi arvense. Native to Eurasia, the species is naturalized and widely spread in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, including all of Canada's provinces and territories, and has recently spread to temperate regions in the southern hemisphere. It is an annual pioneer of disturbed soils and is an important weed of grain, oilseed, and forage crops in Canada, particularly in the prairies. High levels of erucic acid and glucosinolates can contaminate canola. When present in hay or other fodder, its seeds or leaves can be toxic to animals, as well as contaminate milk and meat with unpleasant flavors. It can serve as a host for insect, nematode, fungal and viral pests of canola and mustard crops. A persistent seed bank, high fecundity, and the growth habit of a hardy winter annual with early- (EF) and late-flowering (LF) strains, all contribute to its ability to compete with crops. Effective herbicides include the sulfonylureas, chlorsulfuron and ethametsulphuron, MCPA, tribenuronmethyl, phenocyacetic acid, flurtamone, 2,4-D, 2,4-D + dicamba, and 2,4-D + picloram. A resistant biotype to Group 2 herbicides, which inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS), has been found at two to five sites in Alberta in 2001. The potential of T. arvense as an industrial oilseed crop is being investigated. Key words: Stinkweed, Thlaspi arvense, weed biology, field pennycress, fanweed, oilseed potential

The biology of Canadian weeds. 120. Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv.

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Francis ◽  
S. I. Warwick
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Central Eurasia ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Northern United States ◽  
A Site ◽  
Disturbed Soils

A review of biological information is provided for Neslia paniculata. Native to central Eurasia, this species is naturalized in other temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. In North America it is most abundant in Canada’s prairie provinces, but has spread west and north to British Columbia, Alaska, Yukon and the Northwest Territories, and to scattered locations in eastern Canada and the northern United States. It is typically a summer annual weed of disturbed soils. Its growth habit and persistence in the seed bank have enabled it to spread as an adventive and to maintain its presence in cultivated areas. While it is present in relatively low frequency as a weed in most crops, its indehiscent seed pods can contaminate harvested crops and spread in seed commodities. The small size of its seed pods and the similarity of its seeds to those of canola and condiment mustard have led to its regulation as a significant contaminant of commercial seed. It is generally well controlled by herbicides (e.g., sulfonylureas, glyphosate, MCPA, bromoxynil, and 2, 4-D); however, a population resistant to metsulfuron-methyl, one of the Group 2 herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS), was found at a site in Alberta in 1998. Key words: Ball mustard, Neslia paniculata, weed biology, herbicide resistance, seed contaminant

scholarly journals The biology of Canadian weeds. 132. Raphanus raphanistrum L.

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne I Warwick ◽  
Ardath Francis
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Als Inhibitors

A review of biological information is provided for Raphanus raphanistrum L. Native to the Mediterranean region, the species is widely introduced and naturalized in temperate regions around the world. In Canada, it currently occurs in all provinces except Saskatchewan and Manitoba, has only a limited distribution in Alberta, and is also absent from the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. It is most abundant in the Atlantic and Pacific regions and is an important weed of field crops in the Maritime provinces and Quebec. A persistent seed bank, competitive annual growth habit and high fecundity all contribute to its weedy nature and ensure that it will be a continuing problem. It can easily hybridize with cultivated radish, R. sativus L., and commonly does so when they occur together. Limited hybridization with canola, Brassica napus L., has been reported from several experimental field and greenhouse trials. Selective herbicide control is most difficult in canola and other cruciferous crops. It is the most important dicot weed in the southwestern region of Australia, primarily due to the evolution of several different herbicide-resistant biotypes. These include biotypes resistant to the acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitors (group 2 herbicides) and/or photosystem II-inhibitors (group 5), and a biotype with multiple resistance to ALS-inhibitors, photosystem II-inhibitors, an auxin (2,4-D amine), and a phytoene desaturase (PSDS)-inhibitor (diflufenican). A biotype resistant to the ALS-inhibiting herbicide chlorsulfuron has also been detected in South Africa. Key words: Wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum, herbicide resistance, canola, hybridization, RAPRA

The biology of Canadian weeds. 108. Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne I. Warwick ◽  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Germplasm Resource ◽  
Winter Annual

A review of biological information is provided for Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz. A European native, it was introduced into Canada and the United States in the early 1900s and spread rapidly along the railroads. The species occurs in all the provinces and the Northwest Territories and is particularly abundant in the Prairie provinces and mid-western United States. It is a summer annual, rarely a winter annual or biennial species, and is characterized by high reproductive output. Plants occur most commonly on waste ground and along roadsides and railroads, followed by agricultural fields. Erucastrum gallicum is of allopolyploid origins (n = 15, 7 + 8 chromosomes), and contains a single multi-locus isozyme genotype. The species is a close relative of Brassica and is capable of limited genetic exchange with the canola species, B. rapa and B. napus. The possible transfer of genes from transgenic canola varieties to Erucastrum gallicum poses a remote, but potential, environmental risk. Populations of Erucastrum gallicum, including both Old World and North American populations, constitute a valuable germplasm resource as potential sources of beneficial agronomic traits, such as disease resistance for canola crop improvement. Key words: Dog mustard, Erucastrum gallicum, weed biology, risk assessment, germplasm, canola

The biology of Canadian weeds. 126. Amaranthus albus L., A. blitoides S. Watson and A. blitum L.

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 1039-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Costea and F. J. Tardif
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Multiple Resistance ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

A review of biological information is provided for three species of the genus Amaranthus: A. albus L., A. blitoides S. Watson and A. blitum L. The last species has been revised taxonomically and a new subspecies for Canada is presented-A. blitum subsp. emarginatus (Moq. ex Uline & Bray) Carretero, Munoz Garmendia & Pedrol. Amaranthus albus and A. blitoides are native to the U.S.A. and introduced to Canada. Both species are annual ruderal and agrestal weeds. During the past 100 yr the two species have spread across most provinces of Canada, but the greatest frequency and abundance have been recorded in Saskatchewan. Originating from Europe, Asia and North Africa, A. blitum was initially considered a non-persistent species. The present study shows that A. blitum especially, subsp. emarginatus, has continued to spread in Québec. The three species are alternate hosts to many insects, nematodes, viruses, bacteria and fungi that affect cultivated plants. In other areas (U.S.A., Europe and Asia), the three species have developed multiple resistance to triazine and acetolactate-synthase-inhibiting herbicides. Key words: Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus blitoides, Amaranthus blitum, weed biology, ecology, taxonomy, herbicide resistance

The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. 6. Berteroa incana (L.) DC

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 1297-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. Warwick ◽  
A. Francis
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Sandy Gravel ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Harmful Effects

The cruciferous weed Berteroa incana, hoary alyssum, has been known in temperate North America since the late 19th century, but has recently begun to spread aggressively in upland and dry areas in the Great Lakes and western foothills regions of both Canada and the United States. It is an annual, winter annual to short-lived perennial and is considered an invasive weed in turf, rangelands, pastures and forage crops, with harmful effects on horses an added concern. The species is most common on sandy gravel and poorer soils. It has recently i nvaded Christmas tree plantations in Michigan. Its prolific seed production, woody stems and deep taproot enable it to persist under dry conditions and to resist mechanical control; and it has virtually no natural enemies in North America. It can be partially controlled by herbicides in crops it has invaded, but herbicides are not generally used on rangelands, pastures, turf and natural and semi-natural areas, where it is now prevalent. Key words: Berteroa incana, hoary alyssum, bertéroa blanc, BEFIN, weed biology, invasive alien

scholarly journals Spring flowering habit in field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) has arisen multiple independent times

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Dorn ◽  
Evan B. Johnson ◽  
Erin Daniels ◽  
Donald L. Wyse ◽  
M. David Marks
Keyword(s):  
Cold Season ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
New Information ◽  
Annual Habit ◽  
History Of ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
The Difference ◽  
New Alleles

Summary- Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) is currently being developed as a new cold-season oilseed crop. Like many Brassicaceae, pennycress can exhibit either a winter or spring annual phenotype. In Arabidopsis, mutations in negative regulators of flowering, including FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and FRIGIDA can cause the transition to a spring annual habit. The genetics underlying the difference between spring and winter annual pennycress are currently unknown.- Using whole genome sequencing across wild spring annual pennycress accessions, co-segregation analyses, and comparative genomics approaches, we identify new alleles of TaFLC and explore their geographic distribution.- We report that loss of function mutations in TaFLC confer the spring annual phenotype in pennycress. We have also identified four natural alleles of TaFLC that confer a spring annual growth habit. The two spring annual FLC alleles present in European accessions were only identified in accessions collected in Montana, USA.- In pennycress, the spring annual habit has arisen several independent times. Accessions harboring the two European alleles were introduced to North America, likely after the species became a widespread on the continent. These findings provide new information on the natural history of the introduction and spread of the spring annual phenotype in pennycress.

The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. 3. Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer var. rudis (Sauer) Costea & Tardif

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihai Costea ◽  
Susan E Weaver ◽  
François J. Tardif
Keyword(s):  
Airborne Pollen ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Common Waterhemp ◽  
Amaranthus Rudis ◽  
Amaranthus Tuberculatus ◽  
Amaranthus Spp ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Viable Seeds

This annual dioecious weed was found in 2002 and 2003 infesting soybean fields in southwestern Ontario, and it was collected in 1992 from waste places in British Columbia. It is a major weed problem in field crops in the mid-western United States, where it has become increasingly difficult to control during the past 10 yr. Morphological differences between Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis and var. tuberculatus are presented. A review of the biological information published is provided. Plants exhibit high phenotypic plasticity and genetic variability. Emergence is prolonged, growth rapid, and female plants produce a large number of viable seeds that contribute to a persistent seed bank. Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis has developed multiple resistance to triazine and acetolactate synthase- and protoporphyrinogen-inhibiting herbicides. Airborne pollen can travel significant distances and A. tuberculatus var. rudis may hybridize with other noxious Amaranthus spp. transferring herbicide resistance or other traits. Key words: Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis, AMATA, Amaranthus rudis, common waterhemp, weed biology, invasive alien

The biology of Canadian weeds. 130. Amaranthus retroflexus L., A. powellii S. Watson and A. hybridus L.

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 631-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Costea ◽  
S. E. Weaver ◽  
F. J. Tardif
Keyword(s):  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Amaranthus Hybridus ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Persistent Seed Bank

A review of the biological information published after 1980 is provided for three species of the genus Amaranthus: A. retroflexus L., A. powellii S. Watson and A. hybridus L. The three species are noxious weeds introduced to Canada from southern North America. Their geographical distribution has remained almost unchanged since the original paper published in 1980. The plants exhibit a high phenotypic plasticity and genetic variability and they easily adapt to a multitude of agrestal and ruderal habitats. The seeds contribute to a persistent seed bank; they exhibit a variable dormancy and polymorph germination as a result of maternal, genetic and environmental factors. Growth is rapid and plants produce a large number of viable seeds. The three species have developed multiple resistance to triazine and acetolactate-synthase-inhibiting herbicides. They are alternate hosts to many insects, nematodes, viruses, bacteria and fungi that affect cultivated plants. Key words: Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus powellii, Amaranthus hybridus, weed biology, ecology, taxonomy, herbicide resistance

The biology of Canadian weeds. 8. Sinapis arvensis. L. (updated)

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 939-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne I. Warwick ◽  
Hugh J. Beckie ◽  
A. Gordon Thomas ◽  
Tracey McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Sinapis Arvensis ◽  
Resistance Risk ◽  
Brassica Crop

An updated review of biological information is provided for Sinapis arvensis L. Native to the Old World, the species is widely introduced and naturalized in temperate regions around the world. The species occurs in all the provinces, the Northwest Territories, and the Yukon. It is an important weed of field crops in the Canadian prairies. A strongly persistent seedbank, competitive annual growth habit and high fecundity all contribute to its weedy nature and ensure that it will be a continuing problem. Several cases of herbicide resistance have been documented for natural populations of S. arvensis in Canada, including biotypes resistant to: i) Group 2 herbicides, which inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS), from Manitoba in 1992 and Alberta in 1993; ii) Group 4 herbicides or synthetic auxins from Manitoba in 1991; and iii) Group 5 herbicides, which inhibit photosynthesis at photosystem II, from Ontario in 1983. The species is a close relative of Brassica nigra (L.) Koch, black mustard, and is capable of limited genetic exchange with the Brassica crop species under laboratory hybridization conditions either by conventional crossing or with the aid of ovary/embryo recovery techniques. Key words: Wild mustard, Sinapis arvensis, weed biology, herbicide resistance, risk assessment

Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule), Common Chickweed (Stellaria media), Shepherd's-Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), and Field Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense): Fecundity, Seed Dispersal, Dormancy, and Emergence

Weed Science ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin C. Hill ◽  
Karen A. Renner ◽  
Christy L. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Seed Fate ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
Field Pennycress ◽  
Winter Annuals ◽  
Winter Annual

Winter annual weeds protect the soil from erosion and retain nutrients during the winter; however, they can also act as a host for crop pests and pathogens and impede planting. Increased knowledge of the reproductive biology and the seed fate of winter annuals would be useful to improve management and crop productivity. The objectives of this research were to determine the recruitment biology of shepherd's-purse, henbit, common chickweed, and field pennycress, including seed production, dispersal, dormancy, and seedling emergence, based on growing degree days (GDD). Henbit was the least prolific of the four weeds studied, producing 800 to 40,000 seeds m−2at naturally occurring densities; shepherd's-purse was the most prolific, producing 11,000 to 400,000 seeds m−2with 40 to 230 plants m−2. Fifty percent seed rain occurred for henbit, common chickweed, shepherd's-purse, and field pennycress at 620, 790, 880, and 1300 GDDBase,0C, respectively. Overall, seeds were dormant for all species at the time of dispersal. In 2 of 3 yr, dormancy of later-dispersed common chickweed decreased after 6 mo of storage at natural, fluctuating temperatures in the absence of water. The emergence patterns of the four species followed the Gompertz equation and were indicative of facultative winter annuals. The emergence patterns by rate were similar between henbit and common chickweed and between shepherd's-purse and field pennycress. Seed production, dispersal, dormancy, and seedling emergence were influenced by moisture; therefore, including a precipitation or soil moisture component into a GDD model (such as the use of hydrothermal time) would improve the accuracy of predicting winter annual reproduction, seed fate, and emergence.

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