The biology of Canadian weeds. 108. Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne I. Warwick ◽  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Germplasm Resource ◽  
Winter Annual

A review of biological information is provided for Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz. A European native, it was introduced into Canada and the United States in the early 1900s and spread rapidly along the railroads. The species occurs in all the provinces and the Northwest Territories and is particularly abundant in the Prairie provinces and mid-western United States. It is a summer annual, rarely a winter annual or biennial species, and is characterized by high reproductive output. Plants occur most commonly on waste ground and along roadsides and railroads, followed by agricultural fields. Erucastrum gallicum is of allopolyploid origins (n = 15, 7 + 8 chromosomes), and contains a single multi-locus isozyme genotype. The species is a close relative of Brassica and is capable of limited genetic exchange with the canola species, B. rapa and B. napus. The possible transfer of genes from transgenic canola varieties to Erucastrum gallicum poses a remote, but potential, environmental risk. Populations of Erucastrum gallicum, including both Old World and North American populations, constitute a valuable germplasm resource as potential sources of beneficial agronomic traits, such as disease resistance for canola crop improvement. Key words: Dog mustard, Erucastrum gallicum, weed biology, risk assessment, germplasm, canola

scholarly journals 050 Heritage Pears of the National Clonal Germplasm Repository

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 449E-449
Author(s):  
Kim E. Hummer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Background Information ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Resource Information ◽  
Resource Collection

The pear, Pyrus L., originated in prehistoric times. Records of its cultivation date back 3000 years both in Europe, with the ancient Romans and Greeks, and in Asia, with the Chinese. Pear culture was significant in France and England by the 16th century. The European golden age of pear improvement occurred from the 17th through the 19th centuries. The pear genetic resource collection for the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System is maintained at Corvallis, Ore. This collection preserves more than 2000 diverse pear accessions, represents 26 species, and includes more than 410 heirloom cultivars. At least 10 of the cultivars have obscure origins from the ancient Roman, Greek, or Chinese cultures. Another dozen are at least 400 years old, and more than 250 were introduced during the European golden age. Another 120 “antique” cultivars of the collection were introduced during the first half of the 1900s. The “big four” economically important Pyrus communis L. cultivars in the United States, `Bartlett', which originated in 1777; `Anjou', late 1700s; `Bosc', 1807; and `Comice', 1845; are also represented. Origin and background information for these heirloom clones is web accessible through the Germplasm Resource Information Network (GRIN) database. Although many ancient pear genotypes have been lost, the Repository staff continues to search for significant heirloom cultivars that are not yet represented. Besides having direct value in crop improvement, these plants are a significant part of our human heritage. Their preservation is a sacred trust.

The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. 6. Berteroa incana (L.) DC

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 1297-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. Warwick ◽  
A. Francis
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Sandy Gravel ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Harmful Effects

The cruciferous weed Berteroa incana, hoary alyssum, has been known in temperate North America since the late 19th century, but has recently begun to spread aggressively in upland and dry areas in the Great Lakes and western foothills regions of both Canada and the United States. It is an annual, winter annual to short-lived perennial and is considered an invasive weed in turf, rangelands, pastures and forage crops, with harmful effects on horses an added concern. The species is most common on sandy gravel and poorer soils. It has recently i nvaded Christmas tree plantations in Michigan. Its prolific seed production, woody stems and deep taproot enable it to persist under dry conditions and to resist mechanical control; and it has virtually no natural enemies in North America. It can be partially controlled by herbicides in crops it has invaded, but herbicides are not generally used on rangelands, pastures, turf and natural and semi-natural areas, where it is now prevalent. Key words: Berteroa incana, hoary alyssum, bertéroa blanc, BEFIN, weed biology, invasive alien

scholarly journals Selected Soybean Plant Introductions with Partial Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 971-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. Hoffman ◽  
B. W. Diers ◽  
G. L. Hartman ◽  
C. D. Nickell ◽  
R. L. Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Germ Plasm ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Plant Introductions

Sclerotinia stem rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a major soybean (Glycine max) disease in north-central regions of the United States and throughout the world. Current sources of resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot express partial resistance, and are limited in number within soybean germ plasm. A total of 6,520 maturity group (MG) 0 to IV plant introductions (PIs) were evaluated for Sclerotinia stem rot resistance in the United States and Canada in small plots or in the greenhouse from 1995 to 1997. Selected PIs with the most resistance were evaluated for resistance in the United States and Canada in replicated large plots from 1998 to 2000. The PIs in the MG I to III tests in Urbana, IL were evaluated for agronomic traits from 1998 to 2000. The selected PIs also were evaluated with an excised leaf inoculation and petiole inoculation technique. After the 1995 to 1997 evaluations, all but 68 PIs were eliminated because of their susceptibility to Sclerotinia stem rot. In field tests in Urbana, higher disease severity in selected MG I to III PIs was significantly (P< 0.05) associated with taller plant heights and greater canopy closure. All other agronomic traits evaluated were not associated or were inconsistently associated with disease severity. MG I to III PIs 153.282, 189.931, 196.157, 398.637, 417.201, 423.818, and 561.331 had high levels of resistance and had canopies similar to the resistant checks. The resistance ratings from the petiole inoculation technique had a high and significant (P< 0.01) correlation with disease severity in the MG I and II field tests. The partially resistant PIs identified in this study can be valuable in incorporating Sclerotinia stem rot resistance into elite germ plasm.

GPC Analysis of Rubber in Guayule and Five Species of Parthenium (Asteraceae)

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 888-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan West ◽  
Eloy Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Interspecific Hybridization ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
The United States ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Alternative Crop ◽  
The Subject

Abstract The genus Parthenium includes one species, guayule (P. argentatum Gray), that produces large amounts of good quality rubber. At present, guayule is the subject of research to determine if it can be developed as an alternative crop for the arid areas of the United States and other countries. Interspecific hybridization between guayule and other species of Parthenium can be accomplished without major difficulties, and there are several desirable agronomic traits that can be transferred from these species to guayule. These other species have not been reported to have large amounts of rubber. Rollins reported that some biotypes of Parthenium incanum H.B.K. contain small amounts of rubber. Taylor and Benedict reported that P. tomentosum D.C. var. stramonium (Greene) Rollins contained 0.02% rubber. Angulo-Sanchez examined 21 guayule plants from native stands near Saltillo and found Mw values varied between 6.10×104, 6.10×105, and 1.13×106; Mn values varies between 6.10×104 and 6.10×105 (Reference 7). These values are comparable to Hevea clones examined by Subramanian. In this study, the molecular weights of guayule and five species of Parthenium are reported, the F1 hybrids between guayule and one of these species, P. alpinum was also examined to determine the size of polymers that characterize this particular hybrid.

scholarly journals Human-dominated land cover corresponds to spatial variation in Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) reproductive output across the United States

The Condor ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Muñoz ◽  
David Miller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mourning Dove ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Zenaida Macroura ◽  
Continental Scale

Abstract Studies examining impacts of land cover typically focus on abundance, distribution, and/or community richness, overlooking underlying demographic processes such as survival or reproduction. Here, we present findings from a unique dataset that allowed us to measure the relationship between land cover and reproductive output across the distribution of the Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura). We used hunter-derived, Mourning Dove wing data across 1,271 counties in the United States from 2008 to 2014 to estimate spatially explicit age ratios (juveniles: adults), an index of local reproductive output. We also used raster imagery data to estimate relationships between reproductive output and land cover and crop cover. We found that low reproductive output occurs in regions where Mourning Dove declines have been steepest. Our findings reveal that impacts of land cover vary geographically, but even at a coarse resolution, small changes in the relative proportion of human-dominated landscapes can have a significant impact on the reproductive output of this generalist species. Maize and soybean systems correlate with up to a 57% reduction in Mourning Dove reproductive output in the eastern United States. In the western United States, developed areas correlate with a 41% increase in reproductive output. Across the United States, native habitats had neutral or negative relationships with age ratios. Our study contributes continental-scale evidence that Mourning Dove reproductive output is largely driven by human-dominated land cover including agricultural and residential areas. With Mourning Doves declining across the range, discerning more fine-scale land cover factors is critical for ensuring Mourning Dove populations persist into the future.

scholarly journals Monensin and mineral supplementation economically increase yearling cattle weight gain on California annual rangeland

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 737-741
Author(s):  
Larry C Forero ◽  
Josh S Davy ◽  
Bryan E McMurry ◽  
James W Oltjen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Selenium Deficiency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Volatility ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Profit Margins ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Increase Weight Gain ◽  
Winter Annual

AbstractStocker operators generally graze cattle on California annual rangelands from November to May. The profit margins of these operators is low as cattle sell for less per unit at the end of the season when compared with the beginning. This creates a need for methods to economically increase weight gain, which can help to mitigate market volatility. The use of monensin is common in much of the United States but has not been researched in the unique winter annual rangelands of California. Likewise, research that formally documents weight gain from the correction of selenium deficiency on these rangelands is also lacking. Trials were conducted over 2 years to determine weight gain differences with treatments of salt only (control), salt with monensin, mineral supplement, and mineral supplement with monensin. All three treatments increased weight gain by 12%, 9%, and 15% over feeding straight salt, respectively. It appears that selenium deficiency correction and supplemental monensin should be considered economical weight gain improvement tools for yearling cattle grazing California annual rangeland.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Soybean Lines for Edamame Yield Traits and Trait Genetic Correlation

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1732-1736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo-Liang Jiang ◽  
Laban K. Rutto ◽  
Shuxin Ren
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Genotypic Correlation ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Fresh Biomass ◽  
Seed Yields

Edamame is a vegetable or specialty soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) with high nutrition and market value. The market demand for edamame has significantly increased in the United States since its health and nutritional benefits became recognized. However, there are a limited number of domestically developed or improved edamame cultivars in the United States, and the knowledge of edamame is very limited. In this study, 86 breeding lines and cultivars of maturity group (MG) V and VI developed in the United States were evaluated in replicated field trials for edamame yield and agronomic traits in Virginia in 2015 and 2016. The results indicated that there were significant differences among the genotypes and between years in all the traits investigated (plant height, fresh biomass, pod yield, pod ratio, fresh seed yield, seed ratio, and 100-seed weights), but the yearly differences for dried 100-seed weight and dried-to-fresh ratio of seeds were insignificant. Genotype-by-year interaction effects were not significant in most cases. Estimates of the broad sense heritability varied with traits, from 23% to 88%. Coefficients of phenotypic and genotypic correlation were mostly low, but fresh pod and seed yields were highly correlated. Fresh biomass exhibited a positive phenotypic correlation with pod and seed yields, but the genotypic correlation coefficients were not significant. Twelve breeding lines were preliminarily identified to have greater edamame yield and desired traits. The information generated in this study will be helpful for edamame breeding and commercial production.

scholarly journals Tracking the reach of COVID-19 kin loss with a bereavement multiplier applied to the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (30) ◽  
pp. 17695-17701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashton M. Verdery ◽  
Emily Smith-Greenaway ◽  
Rachel Margolis ◽  
Jonathan Daw
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Sudden Loss ◽  
Kinship Networks ◽  
The World ◽  
Number Of Individuals

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a large increase in mortality in the United States and around the world, leaving many grieving the sudden loss of family members. We created an indicator—the COVID-19 bereavement multiplier—that estimates the average number of individuals who will experience the death of a close relative (defined as a grandparent, parent, sibling, spouse, or child) for each COVID-19 death. Using demographic microsimulation-based estimates of kinship networks in the United States, the clear age gradient in COVID-19 mortality seen across contexts, and several hypothetical infection prevalence scenarios, we estimate COVID-19 bereavement multipliers for White and Black individuals in the United States. Our analysis shows that for every COVID-19 death, approximately nine surviving Americans will lose a grandparent, parent, sibling, spouse, or child. These estimates imply, for example, that if 190,000 Americans die from COVID-19, as some models project, then ∼1.7 million will experience the death of a close relative. We demonstrate that our estimates of the bereavement multiplier are stable across epidemiological realities, including infection scenarios, total number of deaths, and the distribution of deaths, which means researchers can estimate the bereavement burden over the course of the epidemic in lockstep with rising death tolls. In addition, we provide estimates of bereavement multipliers by age group, types of kin loss, and race to illuminate prospective disparities. The bereavement multiplier is a useful indicator for tracking COVID-19’s multiplicative impact as it reverberates across American families and can be tailored to other causes of death.

Common Sawflies Feeding on White Birch in the Forested Areas of Manitoba and Saskatchewan

1954 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 154-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Wong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Forested Areas

Twelve species of sawflies are common on white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) in the forested areas of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. They also occur in Fastern Canada and the United States. A key is presented at the end of the paper by which the late instars of these twelve species can be identified. The immature forms of these species were described by Dyar (1893, 1895a, 1895b, 1895c), Middleton (1915, 1922) and Riley (1890). Unfortunately these descriptions are scattered in several publications, and in most cases the names of the genera or species in the original descriptions have been changed (Ross 1951). This paper brings together the current nomenclature and some biological information on these species.

scholarly journals Inter- and Intra-specific Variation in Growth Parameters of Ocimum Species

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1120E-1121
Author(s):  
Rao Mentreddy ◽  
Cedric Sims ◽  
Usha Devagiri ◽  
Ernst Cebert
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Unknown Species ◽  
Ocimum Species ◽  
Rate Of Emergence ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Basils (Ocimum species) of the mint family Lamiaceae are well known for their multiple uses as culinary, aromatic, and medicinal plants worldwide. Basils are integral components of Asian and Mediterranean cuisine and are also widely used for treating diabetes and cancers. Basil has a limited acceptance as a culinary herb in the United States. The potential exists for development of culinary, medicinal, aromatic, and ornamental basil cultivars for production in the southeastern United States. In a preliminary field trial, 84 accessions belonging to six species of the genus Ocimum were evaluated for agronomic parameters in single-row plots. Wide variations exist between and within species for all agronomic traits studied. The mean percent emergence between species ranged from 60.0% for O. americanum var. americanum to 100.0% for an unknown species from Italy and O. campechianum. The aboveground fresh biomass per plant ranged from 424.0 g for O. sellol to 1450.3 g for the unknown Italian accession. The unknown Italian accession produced more branches per plant and also had the highest root, leaf, stem, and inflorescence fresh and dry weights among species. Ocimumsellol plants emerged late, had a slower rate of emergence, and produced a lower total biomass than other species. Ocimumgratissimum partitioned a greater proportion of the total dry weight to leaves (37.9%) and roots (14.4%), whereas O. basilicum. O americanum var. americanum, and O. campechianum partitioned a greater amount of dry matter to inflorescence and the least to roots than other species. In this presentation, the agronomic traits and basil cultivars with potential for ornamental and medicinal purposes will be discussed.

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