FIELD EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF A UREASE INHIBITOR AND CROP RESIDUES ON UREA HYDROLYSIS, AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION AND YIELD OF CORN

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. TOMAR ◽  
P. C. KIRBY ◽  
A. F. MacKENZIE
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Urea Hydrolysis ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
N Transformations

The effects of a urease inhibitor and crop residues on urea hydrolysis, NH3 volatilization and silage corn (Zea mays L.) yield were assessed on an Ormstown silty clay loam soil under field conditions. Chopped timothy straw (Phleum pratense L.) was spread on the soil surface at 0 and 4600 kg∙ha−1. Urea solutions treated with 0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.74 kg∙ha−1 of an urease inhibitor phenylphosphorodiamidate (supplied by The Crop Science Laboratory, Allied Corporation, Solvay, N.Y.), and NH4NO3 solutions with no inhibitor were added as dribble bands to the soil surface at 0 and 75.0 kg N∙ha−1. Urea-N remaining in the soil over a period of 14 days following urea application was measured. The extent of NH3 volatilization was assessed by capturing and measuring NH4–N using plastic cylinders (micro-plots) over a period of 17 days following urea application. Dry matter yield of corn was obtained 114 days after planting. Hydrolysis of urea was relatively rapid and 3–26% of the applied N was hydrolyzed within 2 days following urea application to the soil. The higher rates of inhibitor application (2.0 and 3.74 kg∙ha−’) tended to reduce urea hydrolysis. The inhibitor rate effect increased with time though not always significantly. More than 50% of the added N was still present as urea after 4 days with some exceptions. At day 8, the amount of N that was present as urea ranged from 4 to 28% for the lower rates and from 20 to 37% for the higher rates of inhibitor applied. Almost all the added urea had disappeared by 14 days. Measured losses of NH3 by volatilization within 17 days never exceeded 1% of the fertilizer N. Addition of N resulted in 14% increase in dry matter yield of corn. Nitrogen source, crop residues and urease inhibitor had no appreciable effect on crop yield. Key words: Urea-N transformations, urea fertilizer, NH3 losses, urease activity, straw

EVALUATION OF TIMOTHY CULTIVARS FOR VOLUNTARY INTAKE AND NUTRIENT COMPONENTS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1121-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. MASON ◽  
P. M. FLIPOT
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Flower Stage ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Five timothy (Phleum pratense L.) cultivars, Clair, Champ, Milton, Climax and Bounty, were harvested at first flower stage during 2 consecutive years and in the regrowth for 1 yr. The forages were each offered as hay to 15 young rams to evaluate voluntary intake. Five animals were used to determine initial harvest dry matter digestibility. The cultivars varied significantly in voluntary intake at first flower stage. The highest intake (g kg−0.75 d−1) averaged for the years was obtained in the early cultivar Champ (65.9), which was 10% more than that of the medium-late cultivar Climax. The cultivars did not differ significantly in dry matter digestibility. In the regrowth, the relative intakes of the cultivars were essentially reversed from that of the initial harvest. The voluntary intake was substantially higher but the differences among forages were less marked. Climax regrowth voluntary intake was higher (P < 0.05) than all cultivars, except Bounty. A 15% range in digestible dry matter intake was present among cultivars. The ranking of the culivars for digestible dry matter was different than for dry matter yield. Key words: Timothy, Phleum pratense L., voluntary intake, dry matter digestibility

The role of N transformations in the formation of acidic subsurface layers in stock urine patches

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Condon ◽  
A. S. Black ◽  
M. K. Conyers
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Urea Hydrolysis ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Nitrogen Transformations ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Subsurface Layers ◽  
Dominant Process

This study examines the role of nitrogen transformations in the acidification of soil under stock urine patches, specifically the formation of acidic subsurface layers. These are horizontal planes of acidity several centimetres below the soil surface. Glasshouse studies were conducted to relate nitrogen transformations to measured pH changes in soil treated with urine or urea solution (simulated urine). Acidic subsurface layers formed in both urine- and simulated urine-treated soil. With the development of a H+ balance model, the contribution of nitrogen transformations to changes in the H+ concentrations in simulated urine patches was determined.During the first 9 days following treatment, urea hydrolysis and NH3 volatilisation dominated changes in H+ concentration. After that, net immobilisation contributed to H+ changes; however, nitrification was the dominant process occurring. Downward movement of NH4+ originating from urea hydrolysis allowed more nitrification to occur in lower soil layers. The net result of these processes was net acidification of the 4–6, 6–8, and 8–10 cm layers by approximately 0.7, 0.6, and 0.3 pH units, respectively. Thus nitrogen transformations were responsible for the formation of acidic subsurface layers in simulated stock urine patches within 6 weeks of application.

EFFET DE L’APPLICATION D’AZOTE ET DU STADE DE CROISSANCE A LA RECOLTE SUR LA PERFORMANCE DE LA FLEOLE DES PRES (PHLEUM PRATENSE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. ST-PIERRE ◽  
G. PELLETIER
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

An experiment was set up to determine the effect of time and rate of nitrogen fertilization and stage of growth at first cut on yield and digestibility of dry matter and protein content of two timothy (Phleum pratense L.) cultivars, at each of two cuts, No difference in yield or chemical composition was found between cultivars. Highest yields and crude protein contents were measured at rates of nitrogen fertilizer of 112 and 224 kg/ha. Higher yield and protein content were obtained with NH4NO3 applied totally or in split applications in the spring than with urea in the fall. Dry matter digestibility (DDM) was not affected by nitrogen at rates of 56, 112 and 224 kg/ha. First cut was taken at two different stages of growth, and the second cut was taken on the same day in all the plots. At anthesis, yields were higher than at the head stage but DDM and protein content were lower. The opposite was found at the second cut. Except in 1973, total dry matter yield was not affected by the stage of growth at first cut.

scholarly journals Effect of Bulking Materials on Composting of Layer Litter

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
F Alam ◽  
MA Hashem ◽  
MM Rahman ◽  
SEM Rahman ◽  
MM Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Tree Leaves ◽  
Saw Dust ◽  
Litter Composting

The experiment was carried out to examine the possibilities of making compost by using layer litter with different bulking materials and to assess the nutritive value of compost. To fulfill the objectives five treatments were considered e.g., anaerobic composting with layer litter (T1), layer litter with straw (T2), layer litter with tree leaves (T3), layer litter with crop residues (T4) and layer litter with saw dust (T5) under soil surface. The samples from composted materials were collected at 0, 10, 20 and 30 days for proximate analysis. At 0 day of layer litter composting DM content did not vary significantly (p>0.01) var ied in all treatments.. At 10 day of layer litter composting DM content was the highest in T4 (50.0%) and CF content was the highest in T2 (22.2%). CP content remained similar varied in all treatments. At 20 day of layer litter composting DM content was highest in T4 (51.5%), CP content was the highest in T4 (19.5%), CF content was the highest in T2 (18.0%), Ash content was the highest in T4 (18.5%). At 30 day of layer litter composting DM content was the highest in T2 (51.1%) and CP content was the highest in T4 (17.6%). The pH value decreased upto first tendays then gradually increased with the composting period and highest value was obtained by T1 (8.40) then followed by T2 (8.20), T3 (8.15), T5 (8.10) and T4 (8.00) (p<0.01) at 30 d of composting. The C/N ratios increased (p<0.01) in all treatments with the advancing of composting period and highest value was obtained in T4 (27.9) followed by T1 (26.7), T5 (26.3), T3 (26.2) and T2 (25.3) considerably with the composting period. So, it may be concluded that proximate composition of all samples at 20 days in T4 treatment was acceptable up to the end of composting period. However, composting layerlitter with crop residues (T4) was more effective compare to other treatments at 20 days of composting in terms of Dry matter, CP content, C/N ration and pH.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1.22054 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(1): 141-144 2013

INFLUENCE DE L’ACIDE 2-CHLOROETHYLPHOSPHONIQUE SUR LA CROISSANCE DE LA FLEOLE DES PRES

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 791-796
Author(s):  
J. C. ST-PIERRE ◽  
M. J. TRUDEL
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) was grown in pots under controlled conditions. Solutions of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) at seven concentrations were sprayed on different plants at six stages of growth. Three cuts were taken on treated plants. Ethrel treatments increased tiller number at each cut. Dry matter yield was significantly decreased by applications of Ethrel at the first cut. Total dry matter yield of the three cuts was the same for all treatments, indicating that yields of the second and third cuts made up yield losses of the first one. Ethrel applications decreased the height of plants at the first cut only. The stage of growth, at the time of Ethrel treatments, also affected results but in a less well-defined manner than did the concentrations.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Wild Ecotypes of Forage Grasses

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
Miriam Kizeková ◽  
Janka Martincová ◽  
Ľubica Jančová
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Qualitative Traits ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Wild ecotypes of Festuca rubra L. (four accessions), Poa pratensis L. (three accessions ) and Phleum pratense L. (three accessions) originating from Central Slovakia were investigated. Dry matter production, qualitative traits as well as mineral content were studied under identical soilclimatic conditions in a three-cut system. Yield potential of wild ecotypes of Festuca rubra L. coming from mountain regions was significantly lower (P < 0.01) when compared to Festuca rubra L. cultivar Levočská. In contrast, as a consequence of low variability, the dry matter yield of Phleum pratense L. wild ecotypes originating from higher altitudes was comparable to the dry matter yields of Festuca rubra L. cultivar Levočská. There were not noted any considerable differences found in the content of crude protein, fibre or mineral substances between the wild ecotypes and the cultivars. All accessions showed consistent patterns in seasonal distribution with the highest dry matter yield at the first cut and with the lowest one at the third cut. In general, concentration of crude protein and fibre did not vary considerably among cultivars and wild ecotypes at all species under uniform growing conditions.

scholarly journals Analysis of dry matter yield structure of forage grasses

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Lemežienė ◽  
J. Kanapeckas ◽  
P. Tarakanovas ◽  
S. Nekrošas
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Yield Structure

An average dry matter yield structure (three cuts per growing season) in relation to agronomically valuable characteristics of six forage grass species and a year of herbage utilization was studied over the period of 1989&ndash;2002 in Lithuania. The most productive species of the first cut of two years of herbage utilization were Phleum pratense (P &lt; 0.01) and Festulolium hybrids (P &lt; 0.05) (average dry matter yield were 7.42 and 6.66 t/ha, respectively), moderately productive &ndash; Festuca pratensis, Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne (5.58, 5.42 and 5.20 t/ha), significantly lower (P &lt; 0.01) yielding was Poa pratensis (4.19 t/ha). During two years of herbage utilization Dactylis glomerata produced significantly (P &lt; 0.01) higher dry matter yield of aftermath &ndash; 7.30 t/ha. Other grass species were ranked in the following order: Festulolium hybrids 5.85 t/ha, Festuca pratensis 4.94 t/ha, Poa pratensis 4.57 t/ha, Lolium perenne 4.48 t/ha, and Phleum pratense 3.92 t/ha. Dactylis glomerata and Poa pratensis distinguished by the highest aftermath percent in the structure of the annual dry matter yield (57.7 and 52.2%). Phleum pratense formed an especially poor aftermath &ndash; only 34.6%. An average annual dry matter yield data analysis of two years of herbage utilization over the period of 1989&ndash;2002 showed that Dactylis glomerata and Festulolium hybrids were most productive (P &lt; 0.01) species.

WHITE SURFACE MULCH EFFECT ON GROWTH OF SWEET CLOVER (MELILOTUS OFFICINALUS L.) IN THE GREENHOUSE

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-671
Author(s):  
R. Ashford ◽  
D. W. L. Read
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Sweet Clover ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Effect On Growth

Effect of white Styrofoam mulch on the growth of sweet clover in the greenhouse was studied at two levels of phosphorus fertilizer and with three methods of watering. The use of mulch significantly increased dry matter yield and uptake of applied phosphorus. When phosphorus was not limiting, self-irrigated pots of soil produced better growth than pots which were watered manually.A [Formula: see text] layer of Styrofoam served a dual purpose under the conditions of this test. Pots of soil with mulch not only gave a marked response in growth, but they also required less than one-third as much water to produce 1 gram of dry matter as pots with a bare soil surface. The possibility that the light reflected by Styrofoam increased photosynthetic activity in the sweet clover is being studied further.

The effect of KCl, KNO3, and CaCl2 fertilization under conventional- and zero-till systems on common root rot, dry matter yield and grain yield of Heartland barley

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Grant ◽  
L D. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
System Response ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Common Root ◽  
Common Root Rot

Field studies were conducted on two soil types testing low in Clover a 4-yr period to assess the influence of K and Cl fertilization under zero (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) management on common root rot, dry matter yield at heading, and grain yield of Heartland barley. Tillage did not influence incidence of common root rot in the 4 site-yr where assessments could be taken. Common root rot incidence was reduced by KCl applications in 1 out of 4 site-yr. Dry matter yield at heading and grain yields were consistently higher with ZT than with CT on the silty clay soil, but only in 1988 on the fine sandy loam soil. The higher yields with ZT than with CT may be due to greater moisture conservation under the ZT management system. Response to K or Cl applications was generally not influenced by tillage treatment. Applications of Cl had little influence on either dry matter yield at heading or grain yield, despite the low initial Cl levels in the soils. Application of fertilizers containing Cl, therefore, may not be consistently beneficial, even on soils testing low in Cl. Key words: Potassium, chloride, tillage, barley, common root rot

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