Phenomenal Bombardment of Antibiotic in Poultry: Contemplating the Environmental Repercussions

Antibiotics have constantly been added at an unprecedented rate in order to enhance poultry meat production. Such antibiotics impose a negative impact on human health directly through meat and egg consumption. On the other hand, they also affect humans indirectly by affecting the normal key microbial processes in the agricultural environments, when used as poultry compost. For many years, farmers have been turning poultry litter into compost for agricultural use. Very few studies have addressed the fate of the unmetabolized antibiotic residues in poultry litter that could potentially affect microbial communities when used as poultry compost. We have also questioned the fate of residual antibiotic in poultry waste which may create possible negative environmental pressure on microbial communities that are involved in microbial mediated poultry litter composting processes. The incorporation of antibiotic degrading environmental isolates in poultry litter at the initial stage of composting in order to accelerate the process is addressed in this review as a future perspective.

In-Vessel Poultry Litter Composting to Facilitate Pathogen Reduction and Biofertilizer Production

Poultry litter-based organic fertilizers are usually incorporated into soil to improve its structure and fertility to increase crop production, however, poultry litter may also contain a variety of microorganisms which can compromise the safety of fresh produce when applied on agriculture lands. Composting can be a strategy to inactivate these microorganisms while creating a soil amendment beneficial for application to arable agricultural land. The objective of this study was to design and test the effect of moisture and temperature in a mechanically aerated in-vessel composting system for the purpose of reducing bacteria concentration in poultry litter while producing bio fertilizer. The actual composting occurred in four digesters which measured 1.2m x 1.2m x 1.2m. Four treatments were utilized with four different levels of moisture content in each vessel (treatment 1=65%, treatment 2=55% treatment 3=60% treatment 4=50%).Moisture gradually decreased and reached 55%, 44% and 48%, and 38.9% for treatment 1,2,3 and 4, respectively in the final compost product. The maximum average temperatures recorded for test 1, 2, 3 and, 4 were 50.54°C, 50.9 °C, 60.7 and 71.5°C respectively compared to outside temperature (15.4°C), and these temperatures were able to significantly reduce the concentration of total aerobic bacteria, fecal coliform and enterococcus listeria. The initial concentration of the compost piles was approximately 6.57, 6.04 and 3.72 log10 CFU/g of total aerobic bacteria, fecal coliform and enterococcus respectively. After analyzes, all target microorganisms were significantly eliminated. The significant levels of total aerobic bacteria, fecal coliform and enterococcus were p=0.0303, P=0.0258, p=0.0233 respectively. The presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. were not detected in all sampling period. Results of in-vessel compost analyses revealed a 16.9% N reduction; 10.1% P increase and 33.7% K increase. Moisture content decreased by 52.2% and elevated C/N ratio and pH by 27.7 % and 3.30% respectively. The leachates generated from the in-vessel composting for the first 21 days were analyzed, and the average results for week 1, 2, and 3, were observed to be 1043.7 mg/L, 1335.23mg/L, and 1029.9mg/L.

Effect of fungal inoculum application on changes in organic matter of leaf litter composting

<p>The decomposition of organic matter on leaf litter substrat runs very slowly in nature resulting in the accumulation of litter in the ecosystem and has even become an organic waste that creates many problems. The research was dealt with the use of lignocellulolytic fungi inoculum consisting of 3 isolates: <em>Aspergillus fumigatus</em> (cellulolytic), <em>A. tubingensis</em> (xylanolytic) and <em>Geotrichium</em> sp (ligninolytic) as starter of leaf litter composting. The purpose of the study is to understand the pattern of humic-fulvat acid and C/N ratio on the process of composting of leaf litter with the addition of inoculum. Observations were made to the chemical changes of compost for 3, 6 and 9 weeks of composting and the data were analyzed in RM-anova (Repeated Measures of anova). The result shows the best pattern of humic acid and fulvic change from the initial to final composting occurs at the <em>Geotrichum</em> sp inoculum of 0.60 or 105.2% and for fulvic are of 0.55 or 56.1% of baseline. The highest ratio value of CHA/CFA at the end of observation was by consortium of <em>A. fumigatus</em> and <em>A. tubingensis</em> inoculums that was 2.94 and the lowest value was at commercial inoculum that was 0.80; and the sharpest change value also occurred in the consortium <em>A. fumigatus</em> and <em>A. tubingensis</em> inoculums of 2.20 or 297.3%. Therefore the consortium isolates were capable of causing the maturity of the compost most rapidly compared to other isolates.<em></em></p>

KOMPOS SERASAH LAHAN PERTANIAN DAN IMPLEMENTASINYA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SUB MATERI PELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN

Most people in West Kalimantan rely heavily on the fields as an agricultural land. Farmers’ lacks of insight in terms of land management often cause damage to the environment. One alternative in processing agricultural land is to change the system of agricultural land by slash and burn clearing into composting, in which slash litter composting is a method where the slash was not burned but processed into compost. The use of compost from slash and burn activity has not yet tested as an alternative effort in reducing the environmental damage caused by fires. This study begins by examining the effect of slash and burn compost on growth and production of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L). Information obtained from the results was then compiled into Student Worksheet (LKS) and applied on the environmental conservation sub material in class X of one of Senior High Schools in Pontianak-West Kalimantan. The purpose of this study was to observe students' response towards worksheets uses. The method used in this study was descriptive, while instrument to distinguish student's response was enclosed questionnaire using a Likert scale. Results showed that students' response to the use of worksheets as a means to help learning process was strong (78.4%), with average worksheets score of 82.78.Keywords: compost, environment, worksheet, conservationABSTRAKSebagian besar masyarakat Kalimantan Barat sangat mengandalkan sawah atau ladang sebagai lahan pertanian. Kurangnya wawasan petani dalam pengelolaan lahan sering menyebabkan kerusakan lingkungan. Salah satu alternatif dalam pengolahan lahan pertanian adalah mengubah metode pembukaan lahan pertanian dari tebas bakar menjadi tebas kompos. Tebas kompos merupakan metode pemanfaatan serasah hasil tebasan ketika tebasan tidak dibakar melainkan diolah menjadi kompos. Penggunaan kompos serasah hasil tebasan belum pernah diujikan sebagai alternatif upaya dalam menurunkan kerusakan lingkungan akibat pembakaran lahan. Penelitian ini diawali dengan menguji kompos serasah lahan pertanian terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi selada (Lactuca sativa L). Informasi yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian disusun menjadi Lembar Kerja Siswa (LKS) sub materi pelestarian lingkungan dan diaplikasikan dalam pembelajaran di kelas X salah satu SMA di Pontianak-Kalimantan Barat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melihat respon siswa terhadap pemanfaatan LKS. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskripsi, sedangkan instrumen yang digunakan untuk melihat respon siswa adalah angket tertutup dengan menggunakan skala Likert. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan respon siswa terhadap pemanfaatan LKS dalam membantu proses pembelajaran menunjukkan respon yang kuat sebesar 78,4% dengan rata-rata nilai pengerjaan LKS sebesar 82,78.Kata kunci: kompos, lingkungan, LKS, pelestarian

Effect of Bulking Materials on Composting of Layer Litter

The experiment was carried out to examine the possibilities of making compost by using layer litter with different bulking materials and to assess the nutritive value of compost. To fulfill the objectives five treatments were considered e.g., anaerobic composting with layer litter (T1), layer litter with straw (T2), layer litter with tree leaves (T3), layer litter with crop residues (T4) and layer litter with saw dust (T5) under soil surface. The samples from composted materials were collected at 0, 10, 20 and 30 days for proximate analysis. At 0 day of layer litter composting DM content did not vary significantly (p>0.01) var ied in all treatments.. At 10 day of layer litter composting DM content was the highest in T4 (50.0%) and CF content was the highest in T2 (22.2%). CP content remained similar varied in all treatments. At 20 day of layer litter composting DM content was highest in T4 (51.5%), CP content was the highest in T4 (19.5%), CF content was the highest in T2 (18.0%), Ash content was the highest in T4 (18.5%). At 30 day of layer litter composting DM content was the highest in T2 (51.1%) and CP content was the highest in T4 (17.6%). The pH value decreased upto first tendays then gradually increased with the composting period and highest value was obtained by T1 (8.40) then followed by T2 (8.20), T3 (8.15), T5 (8.10) and T4 (8.00) (p<0.01) at 30 d of composting. The C/N ratios increased (p<0.01) in all treatments with the advancing of composting period and highest value was obtained in T4 (27.9) followed by T1 (26.7), T5 (26.3), T3 (26.2) and T2 (25.3) considerably with the composting period. So, it may be concluded that proximate composition of all samples at 20 days in T4 treatment was acceptable up to the end of composting period. However, composting layerlitter with crop residues (T4) was more effective compare to other treatments at 20 days of composting in terms of Dry matter, CP content, C/N ration and pH.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1.22054 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(1): 141-144 2013