NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM SOILS DURING THAWING

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. GOODROAD ◽  
D. R. KEENEY
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Key Words Nitrous Oxide

We, as well as others, have observed that nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes increased markedly during soil thaw in early spring. This phenomenon was examined further by determining nitrous oxide concentrations in the soil profile and N2O fluxes from the soil surface during the winter-spring period and evaluating physical release and microbial production of N2O on thawing of frozen soil cores in the laboratory. In mid-winter, soil profile N2O concentrations were close to ambient and surface N2O fluxes were low. At thawing, high N2O concentrations (ranging from 1082 to 2066 mg∙m−3) were found at 10–30 cm in the soil profiles of a coniferous forest, and in manure- and straw-treated plots. Concurrently, N2O flux increased markedly and reached some of the highest values observed during the entire season. When thawing was complete, soil profile N2O concentrations and N2O flux declined. Soil cores were taken from frozen soil, warmed in the laboratory, and N2O release measured. Nitrous oxide was released on warming, and cores treated with CHCl3 had a slower release rate. The results indicate that some of the N2O flux occurring at thawing is due in part to physical release of N2O, and that additional N2O is likely produced by denitrification. Key words: Nitrous oxide, denitrification, frozen soils, nitrogen loss

Denitrification and nitrous oxide emissions from a Black Chernozemic soil during spring thaw in Alberta

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nyborg ◽  
J. W. Laidlaw ◽  
E. D. Solberg ◽  
S. S. Malhi
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Balance Technique ◽  
Key Words Denitrification ◽  
Water Saturated

Previous field research in Alberta has suggested that denitrification occurs mostly when soil thaws in the spring, with associated soil water saturation. Our objective was to determine if denitrification and N2O emission in fact take place in cold, thawing soil in the field. Denitrification and N2O flux were measured in two springs and the intervening summer. Cylinders were placed in soil in November, 1988, and 57 kg N ha−1 of 15Nlabeled KNO3 was added. Soil 15N mass balance technique showed 23 kg N ha−1 of added-N was lost by 15 May 1989. Gas trappings were made (28 March to 29 April) and nearly all of the N2O emission (3.5 kg N2O-N ha−1) occurred during an 11-d period of thaw. The accumulated N2O flux from 20 June to 31 August was small (0.5 kg N2O-N ha−1, or less); during that time there were no rainfall events intense enough to produce water saturated soil. In 1990, 15N-labeled KNO3 (100 kg N ha−1) was applied on 26 March (outset of the thaw) and mass balance showed 32.7 kg N ha−1of added-N was lost by 7 May. A flux of 16.3 kg N2O-N ha−1 occurred largely in a 10-d period during and immediately after soil thaw. The N2O emitted from soil left a considerable fraction of the lost N unaccounted for. This unaccounted N was most likely lost as gaseous N other than N2O (e.g., N2). We conclude that large amounts of soil nitrate may be denitrified, with smaller amounts emitted as N2O, as the soil thaws and soon thereafter. Key words: Denitrification, frozen soil, thawing soil, nitrogen, nitrous oxide

Effect of variability in soil properties plus model complexity on predicting topsoil water content and nitrous oxide emissions

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Vogeler ◽  
Rogerio Cichota
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Silt Loam

Despite the importance of soil physical properties on water infiltration and redistribution, little is known about the effect of variability in soil properties and its consequent effect on contaminant loss pathways. To investigate the effects of uncertainty and heterogeneity in measured soil physical parameters on the simulated movement of water and the prediction of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, we set up the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) for different soil types in three different regions of New Zealand: the Te Kowhai silt loam and the Horotiu silt loam in the Waikato region, and the Templeton silt loam in the Canterbury region, and the Otokia silt loam and the Wingatui silt loam in the Otago region. For each of the soil types, various measured soil profile descriptions, as well as those from a national soils database (S-map) were used when available. In addition, three different soil water models in APSIM with different complexities (SWIM2, SWIM3, and SoilWat) were evaluated. Model outputs were compared with temporal soil water content measurements within the top 75mm at the various experimental sites. Results show that the profile description, as well as the soil water model used affected the prediction accuracy of soil water content. The smallest difference between soil profile descriptions was found for the Templeton soil series, where the model efficiency (NSE) was positive for all soil profile descriptions, and the RMSE ranged from 0.055 to 0.069m3/m3. The greatest difference was found for the Te Kowhai soil, where only one of the descriptions showed a positive NSE, and the other two profile descriptions overestimated measured topsoil water contents. Furthermore, it was shown that the soil profile description highly affects N2O emissions from urinary N deposited during animal grazing. However, the relative difference between the emissions was not always related to the accuracy of the measured soil water content, with soil organic carbon content also affecting emissions.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emissions with enhanced efficiency and conventional urea fertilizers in winter wheat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibo An ◽  
Jen Owens ◽  
Brian Beres ◽  
Yuejin Li ◽  
Xiying Hao
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea

AbstractOptimizing nitrogen fertilizer management can reduce nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. This study tested if split applying enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) resulted in lower N2O emissions than applying equivalent rates of urea at planting. In semiarid southern Alberta, field trials were conducted during three years (planting to harvest) in rainfed winter wheat crops. Annual fertilizer rates ranged from 146 to 176 kg N ha−1. Fertilizer types were urea, and three EEFs (polymer-coated urea, urea with urease and nitrification inhibitors, and urea with a nitrification inhibitor). Each fertilizer type was applied three ways: 100% banded at planting, split applied 30% banded at planting and 70% broadcast in late fall, and split applied 30% banded at planting and 70% broadcast at Feekes growth stage 4 (GS4, post-tiller formation, wheat entering the greening up phase in the early spring). Nitrous oxide was measured using static chambers between sub-weekly and monthly from planting to harvest. Over three years, cumulative N2O emissions ranged from 0.16 to 1.32 kg N ha−1. This was equivalent to emissions factors between 0.009 and 0.688%. Cumulative N2O emissions and emissions factors did not differ between fertilizer types, but they were lower when fertilizer was split applied at GS4 compared to in late fall (P ≤ 0.10). Our study suggests that EEFs do not reduce N2O emissions from rainfed winter wheat crops, but a well-timed split application with a majority of fertilizer applied after winter can minimize N2O emissions.

scholarly journals Effects of dairy shed effluent dry matter content on ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from a pasture soil

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (9) ◽  
pp. 1070-1078
Author(s):  
T. J. Clough ◽  
N. Balaine ◽  
K. C. Cameron ◽  
S. O. Petersen ◽  
S. G. Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
And Control

AbstractAtmospheric emissions of nitrogen (N) from New Zealand dairy farms are significant but have the potential to be affected by manure management prior to land application. The current work examined whether reducing cattle manure dry matter (DM) from 0.16 high DM (HDM) to 0.06 low DM (LDM), to enhance infiltration and reduce ammonia (NH3) emissions when applied to grassland, would affect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Pasture was cut, simulating grazing, and either amended with HDM (173 kg N/ha) or LDM manure (48 kg N/ha) or left unamended. Ammonia emissions from HDM manure were higher than from LDM manure, as a flux or as a percentage of total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN, i.e. NH3 + NH4+) applied, due to more TAN being retained near the soil surface and the higher soil surface pH under HDM manure treatment. Cumulative N2O emissions over 37 days from HDM plots were higher than from the control but not from the LDM plots. After 5 days, the daily N2O emission rate was larger from HDM plots than from LDM and control plots. The N2O fluxes from LDM and HDM treatments did not differ, either as a proportion of TAN applied or as a proportion of total-N applied. Increasing DM contributed to reductions in both oxygen (O2) availability and relative gas diffusivity, and thus potentially N2O production. Under the conditions of the current study, lower manure DM content reduced NH3 emissions but did not increase cumulative losses of N2O.

scholarly journals Mitigation of nitrous oxide emissions in the context of nitrogen loss reduction from agroecosystems: managing hot spots and hot moments

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 46-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Wagner-Riddle ◽  
Elizabeth M Baggs ◽  
Tim J Clough ◽  
Kathrin Fuchs ◽  
Søren O Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Loss Reduction

Testing the DNDC model using N2O emissions at two experimental sites in Canada

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
W N Smith ◽  
R L Desjardins ◽  
B. Grant ◽  
C. Li ◽  
R. Lemke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Dndc Model ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Ipcc Methodology ◽  
Key Words Nitrous Oxide

Measured data from two experimental sites in Canada were used to test the ability of the DeNitrification and DeComposition model (DNDC) to predict N2O emissions from agricultural soils. The two sites, one from eastern Canada, and one from western Canada, provided a variety of crops, management practices, soils, and climates for testing the model. At the site in eastern Canada, the magnitude of total seasonal N2O flux from the seven treatments was accurately predicted with a slight average over-prediction (ARE) of 3% and a coefficient of variation of 41%. Nitrous oxide emissions based on International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) methodology had a relative error of 62% for the seven treatments. The DNDC estimates of total yearly emissions of N2O from the field site in western Canada showed an underestimation of 8% for the footslope landscape position and an overestimation of 46% for the shoulder position. The data input for the DNDC model were not of sufficient detail to characterize the moisture difference between the landscape positions. The estimates from IPCC guidelines showed an underestimation of 54% for the footslope and an overestimation of 161% for the shoulder. The results indicate that the DNDC model was more accurate than IPCC methodology at estimating N2O emissions at both sites. Key words: Nitrous oxide, DNDC, soil model, greenhouse gas, testing

Estimates of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural fields over 28 months

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Wagner-Riddle ◽  
G. W. Thurtell ◽  
G. K. Kidd ◽  
E. G. Beauchamp ◽  
R. Sweetman
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Tunable Diode Laser ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Key Words Nitrous Oxide

Field studies conducted throughout the calendar year are needed to improve flux estimates for the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). In this study, we report monthly N2O emissions measured using micrometeorological techniques and a Tunable Diode Laser Trace Gas Analyzer (TDLTGA). Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured at the Elora Research Station (20 km north of Guelph, Ontario) from July to November 1992, and from March 1993 to February 1995, giving a total of 2445 daily averages obtained during the full length of the experiment. The soil at the experimental site was a Conestogo silt loam (Gleyed melanic brunisol). Several fields were monitored including fallow, manured fallow, Kentucky bluegrass, alfalfa, barley, canola, soybeans and corn plots. Spring thaw emissions from fallow or ploughed plots measured from March to April ranged from 1.5 to 4.3 kg N ha−1, corresponding to approximately 65% of the total annual emission. Similar effects were not observed on the vegetated (alfalfa and grass) plots. The lowest total annual N2O emissions were measured for second year alfalfa (1 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and bluegrass (0 to 0.5 kg N ha−1 yr−1). Higher annual emissions (2.5 to 4.0 kg N ha−1 yr−1) were observed for corn, barley, canola, and fallow plots. Highest annual emissions were measured after addition of nitrogen in the form of animal manure on a fallowed plot (5.7 to 7.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1), and alfalfa residue by fall-ploughing (6.1 kg N ha−1 yr−1). Plot management during the previous year affected N2O emissions, particularly on the soybean plot (5.9 kg N ha−1 yr−1) that followed a manured fallow treatment. The micrometeorological technique used in this study was successful at quasi-continuous monitoring of N2O fluxes from several plots, and therefore, useful for detecting long-term effects of management on emissions. Key words: Nitrous oxide, N2O fluxes, trace gases, agriculture, greenhouse gases

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