MICROMORPHOLOGY AND ENERGY DISPERSIVE ANALYSIS OF ORTSTEIN HORIZONS OF PODZOLIC SOILS FROM NEW BRUNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. McKEAGUE ◽  
C. WANG
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Organic Complexes ◽  
Cementing Material

Cutans that coat and link sand grains in cemented podzolic B horizons (ortstein) of well and poorly drained podzolic soils from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were described in thin sections and analyzed by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The principal type of cutan was brown and weakly to moderately anisotropic; it included numerous silt and fine sand grains. X-ray spectra showed this type to be composed dominantly of Al and Si with lesser amounts of K and Fe, and minor amounts of P, S, and other elements. The silt and clay particles of these cutans were apparently impregnated with Al, Fe-organic complexes. Another common type of cutan was dark reddish brown, monomorphic and isotropic; it consisted mainly of Al and organic matter as indicated by dominant Al and weak P and S peaks. In a few samples such cutans were composed mainly of Fe and organic matter. Rarer black cutans contained Mn in various proportions. The dominant cementing material of these ortstein horizons was shown to be organic complexes of Al and, less commonly, of Fe. The genesis of soils with ortstein is discussed.

ILLUVIATED CLAY IN SANDY PODZOLIC SOILS OF NEW BRUNSWICK

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. WANG ◽  
J. A. MCKEAGUE
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Organic Complexes ◽  
Gains And Losses

Satisfactory uniformity with depth was established in sandy materials of marine, till and alluvial origin and a Podzolic soil was sampled in each of the materials. Marked maxima of clay, organic C, and pyrophosphate-extractable Fe and Al occurred within the podzolic B horizon of each soil. These maxima were least pronounced in the youngest soil developed in alluvium. In general, organic C and pyrophosphate Fe maxima occurred above clay and pyrophosphate Al maxima. Calculations of gains and losses of constituents showed marked gains of clay, organic C and extractable Fe and Al in the podzolic B horizons. Though weakly oriented, silt and clay cutans occurred on some grains in the B horizons of these soils, micromorphological evidence was not conclusive in indicating clay illuviation. The results are interpreted as indicating that clay was probably translocated and deposited with organic complexes of Fe and Al in these acid, sandy soils.

scholarly journals Wavelength and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis with EMA and SEM-EDXRA on thin sections of soils.

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-222
Author(s):  
E.B.A. Bisdom ◽  
S. Henstra ◽  
E.M. Hornsveld ◽  
A. Jongerius ◽  
A.C. Letsch
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Manganese Nodule ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Mass Analyzer ◽  
Light Elements ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Soil Material ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Iron Manganese

Organic matter, minerals and iron-manganese nodules were studied in thin sections of soils with an electron microprobe analyzer (EMA) and a combination of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDXRA). Both instruments were used to estimate the presence and nature of chemical elements in two selected areas, one containing a combination of organic and mineral material and another inside an iron-manganese nodule. The detection of organic matter proved problematic. Of the light elements, N could not be detected with EMA and O was detected but was not specific to organic matter. EMA could not be used for C because of the C coating of the thin section. SEM-EDXRA only detected heavier elements. EMA produced somewhat better X-ray images of heavier elements, especially from an iron-manganese nodule. However, with organic material, SEM-EDXRA X-ray images were similar to or slightly better than EMA. An advantage of SEM-EDXRA over EMA is that the soil material can be analysed at various magnifications with a much higher limit, and point analysis can be made of loose material. For soil material, SEM-EDXRA was better as a routine instrument which solved most problems. EMA can be used as a complementary instrument. Other microanalytical techniques such as the ion microprobe mass analyzer (IMMA) were necessary to analyse light elements in organic material of soils. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Micromorphological evidence of pedogenetic pathway of a Podzolic Gray Luvisol (Falmouth series) in Nova Scotia

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Wang ◽  
G. R. Brewster ◽  
K. T. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Acidic Nature ◽  
Gray Luvisol ◽  
Bt Horizon

A catena of Podzolic Gray Luvisols (Falmouth series) – Gleyed Gray Luvisols (Queens series) – Orthic Gleysols (Kingsville series) is commonly found on fine loamy, weakly calcareous parent materials in Nova Scotia, with Podzolic Gray Luvisols occupying the best drained landscape positions. The hypothesis that podzolic B horizons of Podzolic Gray Luvisols were developed on degraded Bt horizons was investigated by micromorphological characterization of one Podzolic Gray Luvisol pedon. Although not visible in field examinations, argillans were common in thin sections of the Bf and Bm horizons. These argillans were not associated with the walls of voids or the surface of grains. Argillans of the Bt horizons, however, were associated with features such as cracks, vughs, and channels. The upper Bt horizon (i.e., Bt1gj) showed signs of degradation. The pale brown matrix color was more like the Bm horizon above than the dark brown Bt2gj horizon below. The strongly acidic nature of the Bt1gj horizon may have triggered degradation. It is concluded that the Bf and Bm horizons were developed on degraded Bt horizons through the translocation of amorphous Fe and Al and organic matter. Key words: Pedogenesis, micromorphology, Luvisols, bisequal soils

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SOILS DERIVED FROM REDDISH BROWN MATERIALS IN THE ATLANTIC PROVINCES

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. McKeague ◽  
D. B. Cann
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
High Bulk ◽  
Obvious Feature ◽  
Bt Horizon

Nearly all of the 16 soils from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick that were studied had Ae horizons, acid sola and dense, reddish brown parent materials, but they differed widely in the kind and the degree of B horizon development. Particle-size analyses supported the micromorphological observations in indicating that marked illuviation of clay had occurred in some soils, and weak illuviation in others. In a few soils it was difficult to estimate the extent of Bt horizon development as there were obvious discontinuities in the materials. Horizons having the chemical requirements of Podzol B horizons (Bf), significant accumulations of amorphous Al and Fe associated with organic matter, were found in only three of the soils. None of the soils had a Bft horizon; hence, the subgroup, Textural Podzol, should be eliminated. Bisequa development was evident in several of the soils and one was a Bisequa Podzol. Prominently mottled Bg horizons were the most obvious feature of the Gleysolic soils and some of them had Btg horizons. The bulk density of the fragipan in one of the soils was about 2.0, and many of the parent materials had equally high bulk densities. Free carbonates occurred at depths ranging from 60 to 180 cm in 12 of the 16 soils studied.

MACRO- AND MICROMORPHOLOGY OF TEN REDDISH BROWN SOILS FROM THE ATLANTIC PROVINCES

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. McKeague ◽  
G. A. Bourbeau ◽  
J. I. MacDougall ◽  
K. K. Langmaid
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Bt Horizon

Detailed morphological studies of monoliths and thin sections of 10 soils formed in reddish brown deposits in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick revealed appreciable differences in the kind and degree of development. Contrary to recent concepts of pedogenesis in this area, it was found that Podzol development was restricted to the coarser materials. Clay translocation had occurred in most of the soils and five of them, including two Gleysolic soils, had Bt horizons. Free carbonate occurred within 140 cm of the surface of seven of the soils, but it was not established that free carbonate had occurred in all of the materials from which the sola developed. Bisequa development was evident in four of the soils, and in one of these it appeared that there were two sequa of clay eluviation and illuviation. No micromorphological evidence was found of a Bft horizon in any of the soils. The study casts further doubt upon the validity of the concept that there is, in the Atlantic Provinces, a group of soils (Textural Podzol) having a Bt horizon that satisfies the requirements of a Podzol B.

Organochlorine Residues in Brook Trout and Yellow Perch From New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (Canada) Lakes

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-364
Author(s):  
R. Peterson ◽  
S. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Intensive Agriculture ◽  
Fish Tissues ◽  
North Central ◽  
Ddt Metabolites ◽  
Headwater Lakes

Abstract Brook trout and yellow perch collected while surveying New Brunswick and Nova Scotia headwater lakes were analyzed for DDT metabolites, chlordane, hexacyclohexane isomers, hexachlorobenzene, toxaphene and PCB’s. Concentrations of DDT metabolites were much higher from fish taken from lakes in north-central N.B. (200-700 ng/g wet wt) than from fish taken elsewhere (<10 ng/g). Seventy to 90% of the DDT metabolites was DDE. Chlordane (3-13 ng/g) was analyzed in seven trout, six of them from central N.B. areas with intensive agriculture. Isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane were in highest concentration from north-central N.B. (10-20 ng/g), eastern N.S. (5-15 ng/g) and southern N.B. (5-20 ng/g). In most cases, alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) was the isomer in highest concentration. Concentrations of hexachlorobenzene in fish tissues was highly variable with no obvious geographic bias. PCB’s were detected in very few fish, and no toxaphene was detected.

The Metazoan Meiofauna in Its Biogeochemical Environment: The Case of an Antarctic Coastal Sediment

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Vanhove ◽  
H.J. Lee ◽  
M. Beghyn ◽  
D. Van Gansbeke ◽  
S. Brockington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Standing Stock ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Coastal Sediment ◽  
Feeding Guild ◽  
Fresh Organic Matter ◽  
Benthic Environment ◽  
Metazoan Meiofauna ◽  
Deposit Feeding

The metazoan meiobenthos was investigated in an Antarctic coastal sediment (Factory Cove, Signy Island, Antarctica). The fine sands contained much higher abundances compared to major sublittoral sediments worldwide. Classified second after Narrangansett Bay (North Atlantic) they reached numbers of 13 × 106ind m-2. The meiofauna was highly abundant in the surface layers, but densities decreased sharply below 2 cm. Vertical profiles mirrored steep gradients of microbiota, chloropigments and organic matter and were coincident with chemical stratification. Spatial patchiness manifested especially in the surface layer. Nematodes dominated (up to 90%), andAponema, Chromctdorita, Diplolaimella, Daptonema, MicrolaimusandNeochromadoraconstituted almost the entire community. Overall, the nematode fauna showed a strong similarity with fine sand communities elsewhere. The dominant trophic strategies were epistrarum and non-selective deposit feeding, but the applied classification for feeding guild structure of the nematodes of Factory Cove is discussed. High standing stock, low diversity and shallow depth distribution may have occurred because of the high nutritive (chlorophyll exceeded lOOOmgm-2and constituted almost 50% of the organic pool) and reductive character of the benthic environment. These observations must have originated from the substantial input of fresh organic matter from phytoplankton and microphytobenthic production, typical for an Antarctic coastal ecosystem during the austral summer.

Pollen evidence for the postglacial origins of Nova Scotia's forests

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1163-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Green
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
New England ◽  
Ice Sheets ◽  
Arrival Times ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
Pollen Diagrams ◽  
Propagule Dispersal ◽  
Coastal Shelf ◽  
Maritime Canada

Pollen diagrams from sites in southwest Nova Scotia and close to the New Brunswick – Nova Scotia border show that after retreat of the Wisconsin ice sheets, most tree taxa arrived in the extreme southwest of Nova Scotia earlier than anywhere else in the province. For most tree taxa, arrival times at sites in maritime Canada and in northeastern New England are consistent with very early dispersal of individuals along the coastal strip via the exposed coastal shelf and with their entering Nova Scotia from the southwest. These scattered pioneer populations acted as centres for major population expansions, which followed much later in some cases. Local environments, fire, and interspecies competition appear to have been more important than propagule dispersal rates as factors limiting the spread of most taxa.

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