INFLUENCE OF PARENT MATERIAL AND MOISTURE REGIME ON SOIL GENESIS IN THE APPALACHIAN HIGHLANDS, QUEBEC

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. DE KIMPE
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Glacial Till ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Mineralogical Analysis ◽  
The North ◽  
Aluminous Cement

Ten pedons representing the Saint Onésime, Manie, Mont Carmel and Ixworth soil series were studied to respectively characterize the well to very poorly drained members of a toposequence formed on glacial till deposits along the north flank of the Appalachian Highlands. The parent material was generally homogeneous in the occurrence area except in the western part where glacial lakes along the Chaudière Valley controlled the deposition of a coarser till material. Soil reaction was extremely acid in the solum and pH reached approximately 6.0 in the parent material. Base saturation was low, which was related to the large amounts of aluminum hydroxypolymers present in the clay fraction. Mineralogical analysis of the clay fraction indicated an extensive transformation of illite not only to the swelling minerals, vermiculite and montmorillonite, but also to kaolinite. Chlorite was absent in the A horizons of the well drained profiles. The soils were underlain by fragic horizons. This fragipan had a moderately developed gray streak network, as these soils are not very prone to alternate humidification and desiccation cycles. Cohesion and brittleness were related to the illitic clay bridges and to an amorphous aluminous cement. The content of kaolinite in the Ae horizon of the well drained profiles and the presence of large amounts of Al hydroxypolymers in the clay fraction corresponded to more intense weathering conditions than those existing in the soils of the south flank of the Appalachian Mountains.

scholarly journals Formation and characteristics of an Ultisol in Peninsular Malaysia utilized for oil palm production

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arolu Ayanda Fatai ◽  
Jusop Shamshuddin ◽  
Che Ishaq Fauziah ◽  
Othman Radziah ◽  
Mohsen Bohluli
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Exchangeable Al

Abstract. Most of the soils in the upland areas of Peninsular Malaysia are classified as Ultisols. Oil palm production on these soils is usually limited by their inherent low soil productivity. However, the crop is cultivated successfully on most of the soils following right soil management practices. A study was conducted in Bera, Malaysia to determine the characteristics and fertility of an Ultisol cropped to oil palm for many years continuously. In this study, the soil in the plantation was sampled, analyzed and classified. The soil under study was formed under tropical environment with udic moisture regime on fine-grained sedimentary rocks mixed with tuffs of Permian age. Due to very long exposure to the condition of high temperature and high rainfall throughout its development, the soil in the area was reddish in color, clayey, deep and highly weathered. The study found that the clay fraction of the soil was dominated by kaolinite, hematite, goethite and gibbsite; hence, the CEC and basic cations were low. Besides, soil reaction was acidic in nature with soil pH slightly below 5, but the exchangeable Al was more than 1 cmolc/kg soil. However, it was believed that these inherent characteristics were not expected to significantly affect the production of oil palm grown on the soil. With proper agronomic practices, the area can be utilized for oil palm production sustainably.

scholarly journals Vertisols properties and classification in relation to parent material differentiation near Strzelin (SW Poland)

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Dudek ◽  
Jarosław Waroszewski ◽  
Cezary Kabała ◽  
Beata Łabaz
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Soil Maps ◽  
Sw Poland ◽  
Formation Of Cracks ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
Lower Silesia

Abstract Vertisols are characterized by high content of clay fraction that affects their specific morphological and physical features. The shrink-swell phenomena of clayey materials under specific moisture regime cause formation of cracks, wedge-shaped structural aggregates and slickensides on aggregate surfaces. It was formerly believed that these soils can be found only in tropical/subtropical zones, thus Vertisols have not been expected to form under temperate climate of Central Europe. As a result, Vertisols are insufficiently recognized and documented on soil maps in Poland, including the Lower Silesia region. The aim of this study was to examine soils developed on clayey parent materials near Strzelin, focusing on their morphology, properties and classification issues. There was confirmed that soils developed from Neogene clays have vertic and mollic horizon, accompanied by stagnic or gleyic properties. However, not all soils fulfil the criteria for Vertisols due to the presence of surface or subsurface coarser-textured (sandyor silty-textured) layers. Native differentiation of parent material and geomorphological processes were found the main factors, which control the spatial mosaic of Vertisols and black earths (Chernozems or Phaeozems).

Phosphate sorption characteristics of soils of the north Queensland coastal region

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
BN Toreu ◽  
FG Thomas ◽  
GP Gillman
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Phosphate Sorption ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
The North ◽  
Sorption Characteristics

Phosphate-sorption curves covering the range of supernatant P concentration, 0-1 �g nil-1, have been determined for a number of agriculturally important soils in the high rainfall (2000-4000 mm) region of tropical Queensland. Where possible, soil samples were taken from both virgin and cultivated sites within a soil series. The soils occur on four major parent materials, namely basaltic, granitic and metamorphic rocks, and on alluvium derived from one or more of these rocks. The shapes of the P-sorption curves and the differences in magnitude of P sorption were related to the mineralogical composition of the clay fraction which, in turn, was determined by parent material. Past applications of phosphatic fertilizer have lessened soil P-sorption capacity, despite a reduction in soil organic matter resulting from clearing and cultivation.

CARACTERISTIQUES MINERALOGIQUES ET CHIMIQUES DE QUELQUES SOLS SABLEUX DU QUEBEC EN REGARD DE LEUR EVOLUTION PEDOLOGIQUE

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. LAVERDIERE ◽  
C. R. DE KIMPE ◽  
A. D’AVIGNON
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Podzolic Soils

A, B and C horizons of 13 sandy soil series were sampled in the lowlands of southern Quebec. From the amounts of pyrophosphate-extractable Fe and Al and clay contents, nine of these profiles were classified as Podzolic soils while the others were Brunisols. Formation of montmorillonite and dissolution of chlorite in Ae horizons indicate intense weathering of the minerals at this level. In the B horizons, vermiculite that was present in the parent material or resulted from the alteration of illite was often chloritized. Values of pH measured in 1 M NaF were generally higher than 10.2 for the B horizons. The amounts of phosphorus retained by the samples varied in the following ranges: 23–397 μg P/g of soil for A horizons, 301–1578 μg P/g of soil for B horizons and 71–296 μg P/g of soil for C horizons. Cation exchange capacity of the soils was lower than 10 meq/100 g of soil, except in those horizons that contained high amounts of organic matter and where values up to 27.6 meq/100 g were measured. Using regression equations, values were obtained for the CEC of the organic matter and the clay fraction of these sandy soils.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FOUR TILLS IN WEST-CENTRAL ALBERTA

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80
Author(s):  
A. G. TWARDY ◽  
S. PAWLUK ◽  
J. D. LINDSAY
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
West Central ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Range Test

Twenty-two samples of till representing Ck horizons of soils with very similar morphologies were investigated in west-central Alberta in order to determine the validity for their separation into four separate soil series on the basis of parent material characteristics. Physical, chemical and mineralogical analyses were conducted in order to characterize the tills and determine differences in their lithology, texture and geochemistry. The data were statistically evaluated using Duncan's new multiple range test. The data indicate that the four tills investigated are statistically separable on the basis of their analytical differences. The Lobley till is characterized by a higher limestone content and higher calcium carbonate equivalent than the other three tills. Amphibole minerals and high grade metamorphic and igneous pebbles were absent in the Lobley till. A greater quantity of total sand, coarse sand and amphiboles permits the separation of the Cooking Lake till from the other three tills. The Hubalta and Breton tills were found to be somewhat similar in many of their characteristics. However, the Breton till is coarser in texture and contains a greater montmorillonitic component in the clay fraction.

Weathering and (Holocene) Soil Formation

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Sevink ◽  
Otto Spaargaren
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Biota ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
The North ◽  
High Precipitation

The soils of western Europe are marked by superficial accumulation of organic matter as a result of its climate being temperate, rather wet, and leading to leaching and soil acidification. Soils are largely of Holocene age, many properties still being determined by their highly varied parent material. Even more prominent are the impacts of man in this densely populated and highly industrialized part of Europe, causing many soils to be partly or completely of anthropogenic origin. In this chapter, these main soil traits, their origin and distribution will be discussed, attention also being paid to the terminology used and its backgrounds. In the temperate, humid climate of western Europe, organic matter tends to decompose slowly, giving rise to accumulation of above-ground litter and to dark-coloured, humus-rich mineral topsoils. The retarded decomposition is associated with a low activity of soil biota and rather massive production of soluble organic acids, and particularly brought about by the prevailing site conditions such as relatively poor drainage, high precipitation, low temperature, and acid parent material. These site conditions are found over large tracts of western Europe, which therefore have acid, nutrient-poor soils with prominent accumulation of organic matter, such as Podzols and Histosols of the North European Lowlands, and Umbrisols of the middle and high altitude mountains. Bioturbation in these soils is generally weak and therefore soils have distinct horizons and a sharp boundary between the organic surface and mineral subsurface horizons, and thus exhibit large contrasts in soil properties with depth. Where parent materials are more basic and capable of neutralizing acids (e.g. limestone and marl) or climatic conditions are more favourable (e.g. in southern France), litter decomposition proceeds faster and soil biota are more active. In such soils, finely divided organic matter is intimately mixed with mineral material, litter layers are thin or absent and soil reaction tends to be neutral to slightly acid. Moreover, soil horizon differentiation is less prominent as a result of bioturbation, particularly by earthworms. The variation in topsoil properties is so prominent that it was immediately recognized in the early days of soil science and led to a still existing terminology for the description of topsoil organic matter.

Red soils of different origins from southwest Nigeria: Characteristics, classification, and management considerations

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Okusami ◽  
R. H. Rust ◽  
A. O. Alao
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Biotite Gneiss ◽  
Variable Charge

Representative profiles of the Owena, Egbeda, Alagba, and Balogun series were studied. The Owena soil is formed in amphibolite whereas Egbeda and Balogun soils are formed in biotite gneiss derived parent materials. The Alagba soil is formed in sandstone parent rock. The main objectives were to characterize the soils and their clay fraction, and to classify and interpret soil properties for agricultural land use. Most soils exhibit 2.5 YR hues in subsurface horizons. A pedon formed in biotite gneiss has the highest dithionite Fe content and Fed/clay ratio. The relationships between clay content and Fed values vary according to parent material origin and, therefore, would have to be interpreted differently for soil weathering processes. Clay coatings were noticeable in some soil horizons of all pedons studied. Soils are generally medium to slightly acid with sandstone-derived soils being the most acid. The clay mineral suite in all soils is dominated by kaolinite with traces of 2:1 and 2:2 clay minerals, goethite, hematite, anatase, maghemite, and rutile. In addition, some soils contain trace amounts of gibbsite. Kandic horizons have been identified in all soils. The low charge properties of the soils reflect the intensely weathered clay mineral suite. The base status is probably influenced by the cropping system and therefore may tend to unnecessarily differentiate highly weathered soils at the order level. The Egbeda and Balogun series were classified as Rhodic Kandiudults, clayey-skeletal, oxidic and Rhodic Kandiudalfs, clayey-skeletal, oxidic, respectively. Others, Owena, and Alagba series, were classified as Typic Kanhaplohumults, clayey, oxidic and Rhodic Kanhaplustults, fine loamy or clayey, oxidic, respectively. In the FAO-Unesco legend, all soils become Rhodic Ferralsols. In addition, the Owena (with its nitic properties) is further classified as niti-rhodic Ferralsol. The two classification systems are at variance for highly weathered (variable charge property) soils and this difference will definitely influence management decisions depending on which system is used at any particular time. Soil attributes favorable for agricultural use include thick sola and favorable structures. Chemical properties suggest minimal fixation of phosphorus. Key words: Dithionite Fe, kandic, oxidic, variable charge, ferralic, exchangeable Al

scholarly journals FRACTIONATION OF THE HUMUS OF SOME CHERNOZEMIC SOILS OF SOUTHERN ALBERTA

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Dormaar
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Glacial Till ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Alcohol Benzene

Two orthic profiles, widely separated geographically, of each of four parent materials—lacustrine, alluvial–lacustrine, glacial till, and Aeolian—were selected at undisturbed sites within each of the Brown, Dark Brown, and Thin Black soil zones. Material from the Ah and Bm horizons was subjected to solvent extraction, and for each sample the total organic carbon of seven different fractions was determined.The efficiency of the procedure in extracting humus carbon decreased as the total carbon content of the soil increased. Total organic matter, the first humic acid fraction, and the combined total of the three humic acid fractions showed significant differences between soil zones. The only significant separation between all four parent materials was made by the alcohol-benzene fraction. Other parent material separations were possible only following the summation of data of several fractions, such as the three humic acid fractions or the two fulvic acid fractions. A simplification of the procedure in case of soils of one Order and a modification to overcome the impeding effect of increased carbon content are requisite.

Comparative evaluation of red clover genotypes with the “Pskovskiy mestnyy dvuukosnyy” variety

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
А.М. Мазин ◽  
Э.Э. Егги
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
North West ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
The North ◽  
Research Institute

В статье рассмотрены приёмы восстановления высокоурожайного сорта клевера лугового Псковский местный двуукосный селекции Псковского НИИСХ с целью возвращения его в сельскохозяйственное производство Северо-Западного региона РФ. Сорт Псковский местный двуукосный отличается высокой урожайностью, продуктивным долголетием и устойчивостью к неблагоприятным факторам среды. Имеет повышенный спрос у производственников Псковской области. Однако отсутствие семеноводства, проблемы с выдачей сортовых и посевных документов сдерживают его распространение. Большой интерес представляет использование данного сорта в селекционной работе. В 2018–2020 годах в питомнике ОП Псковского НИИСХ были изучены семь образцов этой культуры (П-101–П-107), полученных из хозяйств области. Посеянные семена собраны с неапробированных посевов предположительно сорта Псковский местный двуукосный, который возделывался в хозяйствах многие годы. Для сравнительного анализа оригинал сорта получили из коллекции ВИР (К-31744). В результате определения типа созревания образцов по количеству междоузлий на стебле и построения вариационных кривых образцы П-103, П-106, П-107 отнесли к позднеспелому типу клевера лугового, что указало на их несоответствие оригиналу. Наиболее близкими по этому показателю к оригиналу оказались образцы П-101, П-102, П-104, П-105. По морфологическим признакам наибольшее сходство с оригиналом имели образцы П-101, П-102, П-103. Методом SDS-электрофореза белковых спектров выявили три позиции, по которым исследованные образцы неапробированных посевов (П-101, П-102, П-103) отличались от К-31744. Для восстановления сорта Псковский местный двуукосный в качестве исходного материала перспективно использование образцов П-101 и П-102 как наиболее схожих с оригиналом по срокам созревания и морфологии. Метод SDS-электрофореза позволяет контролировать селекционные образцы на идентичность сортам клевера лугового. This article reports on the experiment aimed at improving the performance of red clover “Pskovskiy mestnyy dvuukosnyy” to be cultivated in the North-West region of Russia. The variety was bred at the Pskov Agricultural Research Institute and has high productivity, productive longevity and resistance to environmental stresses. This variety is well-known among the farmers in the Pskov region. However poor seed production together with paper issues have negative impact on its wide cultivation. “Pskovskiy mestnyy dvuukosnyy” is a valuable material for plant breeding. In 2018–2020 the Pskov Agricultural Research Institute collected seven red clover specimens (P-101–P-107) from the regional farms. The collected seeds potentially belonged to the “Pskovskiy mestnyy dvuukosnyy” variety. The original variety was obtained from the Federal Research Center N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) as a control (K-31744). As a result, P-103, P-106, and P-107 were shown to be long-seasoned and therefore differed from the control. P-101, P-102, P-104, and P-105 were more similar to the control in their maturation rate. However, P-101, P-102, P-103 morphologically were closer to the original variety. SDS-PAGE showed that P-101, P-102, and P-103 differed from the control (K-31744). P-101 and P-102 were used as parent material to improve “Pskovskiy mestnyy dvuukosnyy” since they were more similar to the one.

SIGNIFICANCE OF CORRENSITE IN SOILS OF SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. MILES ◽  
C. R. De KIMPE
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Hydrothermal Alteration ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Mineralogical Analysis ◽  
Soil Evolution ◽  
Grenville Province ◽  
Particle Size Fractions ◽  
First Order ◽  
Basal Reflection ◽  
Interstratified Mineral

Samples were collected from Ap/Ah and Bm horizons of 10 soils from southeastern Ontario. The soil reaction ranged from medium acid to mildly alkaline. Mineralogical analysis of the various particle-size fractions showed the presence of corrensite, talc and graphite in the assemblage. These three minerals were also present in large amounts in marble outcrops, where they were formed by hydrothermal alteration and metamorphism. The significance of inherited interstratified minerals in the soils was considered from the analytical aspect: the first-order basal reflection should be confirmed because higher orders could be confounded with other mineral reflections; and from the pedogenetic aspect: failing to recognize an inherited interstratified mineral would be misleading in the interpretation of soil evolution. Key words: Grenville province, interstratified mineral, corrensite, talc, graphite, inherited minerals

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