Red soils of different origins from southwest Nigeria: Characteristics, classification, and management considerations

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Okusami ◽  
R. H. Rust ◽  
A. O. Alao
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Biotite Gneiss ◽  
Variable Charge

Representative profiles of the Owena, Egbeda, Alagba, and Balogun series were studied. The Owena soil is formed in amphibolite whereas Egbeda and Balogun soils are formed in biotite gneiss derived parent materials. The Alagba soil is formed in sandstone parent rock. The main objectives were to characterize the soils and their clay fraction, and to classify and interpret soil properties for agricultural land use. Most soils exhibit 2.5 YR hues in subsurface horizons. A pedon formed in biotite gneiss has the highest dithionite Fe content and Fed/clay ratio. The relationships between clay content and Fed values vary according to parent material origin and, therefore, would have to be interpreted differently for soil weathering processes. Clay coatings were noticeable in some soil horizons of all pedons studied. Soils are generally medium to slightly acid with sandstone-derived soils being the most acid. The clay mineral suite in all soils is dominated by kaolinite with traces of 2:1 and 2:2 clay minerals, goethite, hematite, anatase, maghemite, and rutile. In addition, some soils contain trace amounts of gibbsite. Kandic horizons have been identified in all soils. The low charge properties of the soils reflect the intensely weathered clay mineral suite. The base status is probably influenced by the cropping system and therefore may tend to unnecessarily differentiate highly weathered soils at the order level. The Egbeda and Balogun series were classified as Rhodic Kandiudults, clayey-skeletal, oxidic and Rhodic Kandiudalfs, clayey-skeletal, oxidic, respectively. Others, Owena, and Alagba series, were classified as Typic Kanhaplohumults, clayey, oxidic and Rhodic Kanhaplustults, fine loamy or clayey, oxidic, respectively. In the FAO-Unesco legend, all soils become Rhodic Ferralsols. In addition, the Owena (with its nitic properties) is further classified as niti-rhodic Ferralsol. The two classification systems are at variance for highly weathered (variable charge property) soils and this difference will definitely influence management decisions depending on which system is used at any particular time. Soil attributes favorable for agricultural use include thick sola and favorable structures. Chemical properties suggest minimal fixation of phosphorus. Key words: Dithionite Fe, kandic, oxidic, variable charge, ferralic, exchangeable Al

Characteristics and genesis of two strongly weathered soils in Samar, Philippines

Soil Research ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian A. Navarrete ◽  
Victor B. Asio ◽  
Reinhold Jahn ◽  
Kiyoshi Tsutsuki
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Parent Rock ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Reference Base ◽  
Weathered Soils ◽  
World Reference Base

Very limited data have been published on the nature of strongly weathered soils in geologically young humid tropical islands. The study evaluated the characteristics and formation of 2 strongly weathered soils in the island of Samar, Philippines, one developed from slate (Bagacay soil) and the other from ultrabasic rock (Salcedo soil). Results revealed that the soils have generally similar morphological characteristics, particularly in terms of colour (2.5 YR-10 R), solum thickness (>5.0 m), and structure (granular to subangular blocky), although the Salcedo soil has much higher clay content than the Bagacay soil. Both soils have similar chemical properties (e.g. acidic, low exchangeable bases) except that the Salcedo soil has lower CEC values but higher exchangeable Na content, resulting in a higher base saturation. They also have high dithionite-extractable Fe contents and very low oxalate/dithionite ratios and are dominated by halloysite, kaolinite, gibbsite, goethite, hematite, and quartz in the clay fraction. Apparently as a result of its more weatherable ultrabasic parent rock and more stable geomorphic surface, the Salcedo soil shows more advanced weathering and soil development than the Bagacay soil. Salcedo soil is classified as Haplic Ferralsol (Dystric, Clayic, Rhodic) in the World Reference Base or very fine, sesquic, isohyperthermic, Rhodic Hapludox in the Soil Taxonomy. Bagacay soil is a Haplic Acrisol (Alumic, Hyperdystric, Clayic, Rhodic) or fine, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Paleudult. The Salcedo soil has very high Ni and Cr contents inherited from its ultrabasic parent material. The study reveals that on the geologically young humid tropical island of Samar, the characteristics and genesis of strongly weathered soils are greatly affected by the geochemical characteristic of the parent rock material.

scholarly journals Izprana tla v Sloveniji: pedološke lastnosti, prostorska razporeditev in klasifikacija

2018 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rok TURNIŠKI ◽  
Helena GRČMAN
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Illuvial Horizon ◽  
Eluvial Horizon ◽  
Soil Map

Eluvial-illuvial processes plays key role in pedogenesis, especially in the development of leached soils. As reported in Slovenian soil map 1 : 25.000 leached soils cover 2,3 % of Slovenian territory. They occur on different parent materials, mostly on flat relief preserved from erosion and colluvial processes. The aim of our study is the evaluation of their morpohological, physical and chemical properties, spatial distribution and dependency on soil forming factors, especially on parent material. Pedological properties are demonstrated according to analytical and descriptive data of 49 leached soils from the pedological base of Soil Information System of Slovenia. Obvious leaching processes are clearly recognized in almost all profiles of leached soils. Eluvial horizon in comparison to illuvial horizon has lower pH value, which is in average 4,4 and 4,6 for E and Bt horizon respectively, brighter color, lower base saturation (in average for 16,6 %) and lower CEC (in average for 5,5 mmol<sub>c</sub> 100 g <sup>-1</sup> soil). On average ratio of clay content between illuvial and eluvial horizon is 1,63. In the 75 % of all studied leached soils this ratio is above 1,38. After evaluation, according to WRB classification, an argic horizon is identified only in 40 soil profiles, while other 9 profiles do not match criteria of sufficient textural differentiation or there is not enough data to classify them. Detailed overview of the WRB criteria for argic horizons (cation exchange capacity of clay fraction and base saturation in argic horizons) reveals that Luvisols and Alisols are the most widespread groups in Slovenia among leached soil. Against expectations based on different references, we do not determined Acrisols within Soil Map Database.

scholarly journals Pedogenesis on volcanic rocks in protected landscape areas in Central and North Bohemia

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Žigová ◽  
M. Šťastný
Keyword(s):  
Soil Cover ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Pedogenic Process ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Swelling Clay Minerals

The development of soil cover on volcanic rocks in Central and North Bohemia was analyzed. The study was performed in the protected landscape areas on basalt, andesite, and dolerite. Parent material was characterized on the basis of thin-section study. Petrography of the parent material makes it possible to document the differences in the texture, character, and amount of rock-forming minerals. All the studied sequences exhibit the same configuration of soil profiles but various thicknesses. The soil profiles were evaluated on the basis of particle size distribution, chemical properties, soil organic matter parameters, and mineral composition of clay fraction. The major specific pedogenic process in soils developed on volcanic rocks is weathering of parent material and development of the Bw horizon with the formation of mainly smectite from the group of swelling clay minerals. The results revealed differences in the formation of the Bw horizon which is significantly affected by the petrography of the parent material and local geological conditions. According to the type of volcanic rocks, the intensity of the developmental process of the Bw horizon is as follows: andesite (T&yacute;řovick&eacute; sk&aacute;ly) &gt; dolerite (Z&aacute;hrabsk&aacute;) &gt; basalt (Březina).

scholarly journals Soil diversity and properties in mountainous subtropical areas, in Sierra Sur de Oaxaca, Mexico

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. García Calderón ◽  
A. Ibáñez Huerta ◽  
G. Alvarez Arteaga ◽  
P. V. Krasilnikov ◽  
A. Hernández Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Mass Movement ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Diversity ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Soil Groups ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Agroforestry is a new practice of sustainable soil use in the mountainous Sierra Sur de Oaxaca area of Mexico. Coffee is also a common cash crop grown in the region. The objective of this study was to investigate the pedodiversity in the area. Soil development is very complex, and is influenced by slope parameters and parent materials. Several soil groups are found in the area investigated: Alisols, Umbrisols, and Cambisols. Morphology, chemical properties, and mineralogical composition of the clay fraction of these soils were studied. The soils vary in the extent of weathering, morphology, and chemical properties, which are important to farming in the area. Most of the soils have heterogeneous parent material. The distribution of major soil types of the area is related to mass movement along the slopes, both past and present. The studied soils represent a chronosequence from unleached and unweathered Cambisols to Alisols, characterized by strong clay illuviation and dominance of kaolinite and gibbsite in clay fraction. A mosaic of landslides and gullies of various ages, formed by catastrophic events such as earthquakes and hurricanes, form the pedodiversity of the area studied. Key words: Landslides, chronosequence, pedodiversity, Cambisols, Umbrisols, Alisols

scholarly journals Characterization and Classification of Soils of Valsad taluka, Valsad District, Gujarat

Agropedology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Vasu ◽  
◽  
K. Humadevi ◽  
G. Neha ◽  
P. Tiwary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Critical Limit ◽  
Deep Well ◽  
Management Measures

Five representative pedons (P1 Umarsadi; P2 Segvi; P3 Chikla; P4 Bagal; and P5 Faldhara) from different landforms of Valsad taluka in the coastal region of Valsad district, Gujarat were studied for their morphological, physical, and chemical properties. The soils were deep to very deep, well to imperfectly drained, slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.8 to 9.7), non-saline tosaline (0.1 to 4.4 dS m-1), low to high in organic carbon (2.4 to 12.3 g kg-1) and CaCO3 (0.2 to 19.5%), and medium to high in CEC [21.8 to 69.9 (p+) kg-1]. Soil texture varied from sandy clay loam to clay with clay content ranging from 21.2 to 53.5 %. Bulk density was lower in P5 (1.28-1.33 Mg m-3) than the other pedons (1.21-1.48 Mg m-3). Saturated hydraulic conductivity (sHC) was less than the critical limit of 1.0 cm hr-1 in P3, and generally low due to high (>15) exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and exchangeable magnesium percentage (EMP). Pedon P1 was classified as Sodic Haplusterts and P4 as Typic Haplusterts. The pedon P2 with an argillic horizon(<35 cm thickness) in the deeper layerswas classified as Inceptic Haplustalfs. The pedon P3 with lithological discontinuity was classified as Typic Ustifluvents and P5 as Vertic Haplustalfs. The pedons P1, P3 and P4 were developed in the basaltic alluvial parent material, and their subsurface properties were influenced by the paleosols. The pedons P1, P2, and P5 under perennial crops such as mango and eucalyptus have higher organic carbon and lower bulk density. Management measures are required to reduce subsoil sodicity, and sustain crop production in the heavy textured soils.

scholarly journals Characterization and Classification of Major Mango-growing Soils in Arid Part of Ananthapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Agropedology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Srinivasan ◽  
◽  
R. Vasundhara ◽  
M. Lalitha ◽  
B. Kalaiselvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Granite Gneiss ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
High Base ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Four typical pedons representing major mango growing soils, developed from granite gneiss parent material were studied for their morphological, physical and chemical properties. The soils were moderately shallow (50-75 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) in depth, loamy sand to sandy clay loam in texture, sub-angular blocky in structure, reddish brown to dark red in colour, slightly acidic to moderately alkaline in reaction, non-saline, very low to high in organic carbon content (0.09 to 1.29%), low AWC (3.36 to 7.80%), low to medium in cation exchange capacity (2.90 to 19.36 cmol (p+) kg-1) and high base saturation (78 to 98%). The soils also had high amounts of coarse fragments in P1 and P2 and high clay content in P4 and P2. Among the exchangeable cations, calcium was found to be high in most of the soils, followed by magnesium, sodium, and potassium. Based on the soil characteristics, the mango growing soils were classified as Typic Haplargids and Typic Paleargids in subgroup level. Varying soil and site characters i.e., poor rainfall, shallow soil depths, excess gravel contents, low AWC, poor nutrient status and severe soil erosion are limiting the growth and development of mango plantation. Developing site-specific soils based suitable management practices can improve the productivity of mango crops.

scholarly journals Historical land degradation strongly influences soil geography – a case in Ethiopia’s mountains

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Nyssen ◽  
Sander Tielens ◽  
Kassa Teka ◽  
Mitiku Haile ◽  
Amanuel Zenebe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Degradation ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Reference Base ◽  
Soil Units

&lt;p&gt;Understanding the geographical distribution of soils is indispensable for policy and decision makers to achieve the goal of increasing agricultural production and reduce poverty, particularly in the Global South. The soilscapes of the Giba catchment (900-3300 m a.s.l.; 5133 km&amp;#178;) in northern Ethiopia were studied, in support of sustainable soil use and land management. Based on their morphologic, physical and chemical properties, 141 soil profile pits and 1381 additional augered profiles were classified according to the World Reference Base for soil resources. The dominant soil units are Leptosols (19% coverage), Vertic Cambisols (14%), Regosols and Cambisols (10%), Skeletic and Leptic Cambisols and Regosols (9%), Rendzic Leptosols (7%), Calcaric and Calcic Vertisols (6%), Chromic Luvisols (6%) and Chromic and Pellic Vertisols (5%). The soilscapes are best explained by the topography and parent material that are the major factors determining the geomorphic processes in the area. Besides these two factors, land cover that is strongly impacted by human activities, may not be overlooked. Except for the Vertisols and patchy Phaeozems that are stable since the Mid-Holocene, all other soil units in the study area are the result of profile truncation on the one hand, and colluviation more downslope on the other hand. In addition, due to three millennia of soil tillage, lynchets have been formed at many places along the slope, and rock fragments concentrated on the surface, leading to armouring that locally prevents deeper erosion. Our soil suitability study shows that currently, after thousands of years of agricultural land use and concomitant land degradation, a new dynamic equilibrium has come into existence in the soilscape, in which ca. 65% of the catchment remains suitable &amp;#160;for agricultural production.&lt;/p&gt;

Clay mineralogy effects on sodium fluoride pH of non-allophanic tropical soils

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 865 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Alves ◽  
A. Lavorenti
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Ammonium Oxalate ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Soil Weathering

Soil pH measured in 1 m NaF (pHNaF) can be a useful tool for soil classification and to provide better advice on the chemical management of agricultural soils in the tropics. In this study, we verified the effects of clay mineralogy on pHNaF values of non-allophanic soils of São Paulo State, Brazil. Fourteen subsurface soil samples were characterised for chemical properties, clay content, clay mineralogy, and for pHNaF values, which were measured in the whole soil and in both natural and deferrified (dithionite-treated) clay fractions. Regression and correlation analyses showed that both ammonium-oxalate-extractable Al (Alo) and gibbsite contents have positive relationships with both clay and soil pHNaF values. On the other hand, kaolinite is inversely related to the pHNaF measured in the clay and has nonsignificant effect on soil pHNaF. X-ray diffraction patterns of dithionite-treated clays did not show disruption of kaolinite or gibbsite after the treatment with 1 m NaF, suggesting that the displacement of surface OH groups by F– seems to be the main mechanism associated with the pH increase verified in the NaF solution after its contact with the deferrified clay fraction. The smaller influence of hematite on pHNaF seems to be due to its correlation to Alo. Goethite and ammonium-oxalate-extractable Fe (Feo) exert no effect on pHNaF. Finally, the relationships observed in the present study strongly suggest that pHNaF values <10.3 measured in non-allophanic kaolinitic soils with low levels of non-humified organic matter are essentially due to their smaller Alo and gibbsite contents, which agrees with the direct correlation verified between pHNaF and soil weathering degree.

Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil Collected from Chandrabhaga River in Kalmeshwar, Nagpur, Maharashtra

2020 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Amita M Watkar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Attributes ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Agricultural Land Management ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Soil, itself means Soul of Infinite Life. Soil is the naturally occurring unconsolidated or loose covering on the earth’s surface. Physical properties depend upon the amount, size, shape, arrangement, and mineral composition of soil particles. It also depends on the organic matter content and pore spaces. Chemical properties depend on the Inorganic and organic matter present in the soil. Soils are the essential components of the environment and foundation resources for nearly all types of land use, besides being the most important component of sustainable agriculture. Therefore, assessment of soil quality and its direction of change with time is an ideal and primary indicator of sustainable agricultural land management. Soil quality indicators refer to measurable soil attributes that influence the capacity of a soil to function, within the limits imposed by the ecosystem, to preserve biological productivity and environmental quality and promote plant, animal and human health. The present study is to assess these soil attributes such as physical and chemical properties season-wise.

Contributions to the Knowledge of Sandy Soils from Oltenia Plain

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-200
Author(s):  
Anca-Luiza Stanila ◽  
Catalin Cristian Simota ◽  
Mihail Dumitru
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Physical Geography ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Wind Characteristic ◽  
The One ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Highlighting the sandy soil of Oltenia Plain calls for a better knowledge of their variability their correlation with major natural factors from each physical geography. Pedogenetic processes specific sandy soils are strongly influenced by nature parent material. This leads, on the one hand, climate aridity of the soil due to strong heating and accumulation of small water reserves, consequences emphasizing the moisture deficit in the development of the vegetation and favoring weak deflation, and on the other hand, an increase in mineralization organic matter. Relief under wind characteristic sandy land, soil formation and distribution has some particularly of flat land with the land formed on the loess. The dune ridges are less evolved soils, profile underdeveloped and poorly supplied with nutrients compared to those on the slopes of the dunes and the interdune, whose physical and chemical properties are more favorable to plant growth.Both Romanati Plain and the Blahnita (Mehedinti) Plain and Bailesti Plain, sand wind shaped covering a finer material, loamy sand and even loess (containing up to 26% clay), also rippled with negative effects in terms of overall drainage. Depending on the pedogenetic physical and geographical factors that have contributed to soil cover, in the researched were identified following classes of soils: protisols, cernisols, cambisols, luvisols, hidrisols and antrosols.Obtaining appropriate agricultural production requires some land improvement works (especially fitting for irrigation) and agropedoameliorative works. Particular attention should be paid to preventing and combating wind erosion.

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