EFFECT OF SOLONETZ SOIL HORIZON MIXING ON ALFALFA GROWTH

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. CAIRNS
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
Ap Horizon ◽  
Deep Plowing ◽  
Solonetz Soil

Samples of the Ap, Bn and Csk horizons of four Solonetz soil types were mixed to simulate the effect of deep plowing. Half of the mixed horizon samples were leached with water while the other half were not. Alfalfa was grown in the greenhouse on samples of Ap, Bn and mixed horizon soils. The alfalfa was harvested and chemically analyzed. The soil was subjected to certain chemical and physical determinations. Under conditions of adequate moisture the mixed horizons produced more alfalfa than the Ap horizon in two of the four soils. Leaching the mixtures resulted in lower alfalfa yields. Mixed horizon samples had higher infiltration rates, and lower breaking strengths than Bn horizon samples.

scholarly journals Geochemical and anthropogenic soil loads by potentially risky elements

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 441-447
Author(s):  
R. Vácha ◽  
J. Němeček ◽  
E. Podlešáková
Keyword(s):  
Total Content ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Historical Mining ◽  
Lower Solubility ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
Anthropogenic Soil

The differentiation between anthropogenic and geogenic loads of the soils by potentially risky elements was observed. The collection of soil horizon samples from 21 localities with different anthropogenic loads (imission fall-outs, floods, historical mining) and geogenic loads (lithogenic, chalcogenic) was composed. The soil characteristics (pH, C<sub>ox</sub>), total content of 13 potentially risky elements, content of potentially risky elements in the extract of 2M HNO<sub>3</sub>, 1M NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>&nbsp;(mobile forms) and 0.025M EDTA (potentially mobilizable forms) were detected. The solubility as the ratio of total content and the content of risky elements in the other extracts was calculated. The differences between the solubility for each risky element and for each type of the load were determined. It was concluded that the highest solubility was determined in the fluvisols contaminated by the floods and in the soils contaminated by imission fall-outs. Significantly lower solubility of potentially risky elements was determined in the soils with geogenic loads. The efficiency of the used extracts for the differentiation of the soil load was assessed (2M HNO<sub>3</sub>, 0.025M EDTA). The types of geogenic loads were characterised in the extent of used soil collection. Geochemically anomalous parent materials and soil types developed on these parent materials were described.

EFFECTS OF TILLAGE AND AMENDMENTS ON YIELDS AND SELECTED SOIL PROPERTIES OF TWO SOLONETZIC SOILS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. WEBSTER ◽  
M. NYBORG
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spring Season ◽  
Water Stable Aggregates ◽  
Mean Weight Diameter ◽  
Ap Horizon ◽  
Deep Plowing

Five tillage treatments in combination with two amendments and two crops were established on two Solonetzic sites and continued for 6 yr. Simulated deep plowing significantly [Formula: see text] reduced SAR values for the 0- to 15-cm depth (Ap horizon) to favorable levels of 3 to 5 at Site 1 but at Site 2 they remained in the 12 to 15 range. For the other four tillage treatments (simulated normal tillage, simulated shallow plowing, chiselling and chiselling plus simulated shallow plowing), the nonamended subplots at both sites had undesirably high SAR values in the 16 to 23 range. There was a trend for gypsum to lower SAR values of the 0- to 15-cm depth in most cases to the 10 to 15 range and was usually more effective than lime. For the 15- to 30-cm depth (Bnt) there was a trend for gypsum, and to a lesser degree lime, to lower SAR values from the 15 to 38 range to the 14 to 28 range 4 yr after the amendments had been applied. There was a negative correlation [Formula: see text] between SAR and soil aggregates < 6 mm in diameter and a positive correlation [Formula: see text] between SAR and soil clods in the 25- to 76-mm size. There was also a negative correlation [Formula: see text] between SAR and mean weight-diameter (water stable aggregates). Simulated deep plowing at Site 1 produced higher yields of alfalfa and barley than the other four tillage treatments [Formula: see text]. Alfalfa yields were considerably lower at Site 2 than at Site 1, but again simulated deep plowing produced the highest of all the tillage treatments. However, due to cloddiness of the seedbed at Site 2 in the simulated deep-plowed plots, germination of barley was poor for years when the spring season was dry. The chiselling treatment produced the highest yields of barley at this site. Gypsum, and to a lesser extent lime, lowered the SAR of the seedbed and improved aggregation but after 4 yr the 18 t ha−1 rate had only started to ameliorate the Bnt at both sites. Key words: Solonetzic soils, sodium adsorption ratio, soil aggregation, soil cloddiness

EFFECT OF DEEP PLOWING ON THE FERTILITY STATUS OF BLACK SOLONETZ SOILS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. CAIRNS
Keyword(s):  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Deep Plowing ◽  
Solonetz Soil

Field studies were established to measure the relative effectiveness of deep plowing and fertilization on the productivity of four Solonetz soil types in the Black soil zone, under quite similar climatic conditions. On three of the Solonetz soil types, fertilization was essentially as effective as deep plowing in stimulating productivity, and the effects of both treatments on crop chemistry were somewhat similar. The soil on which fertilization had little effect and deep plowing had a great effect had the most unproductive Bn horizon of any of the soils under study.

scholarly journals Clay-illuvial soils in the Polish and international soil classifications

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 204-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cezary Kabała ◽  
Elżbieta Musztyfaga
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Hierarchical Order ◽  
History Of

AbstractSoil with a clay-illuvial subsurface horizon are the most widespread soil type in Poland and significantly differ in morphology and properties developed under variable environmental conditions. Despite the long history of investigations, the rules of classification and cartography of clay-illuvial soils have been permanently discussed and modified. The distinction of clay-illuvial soils into three soil types, introduced to the Polish soil classification in 2011, has been criticized as excessively extended, non-coherent with the other parts and rules of the classification, hard to introduce in soil cartography and poorly correlated with the international soil classifications. One type of clay-illuvial soils (“gleby płowe”) was justified and recommended to reintroduce in soil classification in Poland, as well as 10 soil subtypes listed in a hierarchical order. The subtypes may be combined if the soil has diagnostic features of more than one soil subtypes. Clear rules of soil name generalization (reduction of subtype number for one soil) were suggested for soil cartography on various scales. One of the most important among the distinguished soil sub-types are the “eroded” or “truncated” clay-illuvial soils.

VARIOUS FORMS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER FOR BROMEGRASS ON A SOLONETZ SOIL

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Cairns
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Solonetz Soil

Ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and urea, applied to provide nitrogen at a rate of 112 kg/ha annually, were compared as fertilizers for bromegrass on a Solonetz soil. All were equally effective in increasing yield except in the drought year, 1966, when urea was less effective than the others. About 45% of the nitrogen applied as urea was recovered in the crop, compared with over 55% from the other forms. This difference was most pronounced in the driest year. The reduction in soil pH from 5.3 to 4.0 with the use of ammonium sulfate indicated that this was an undesirable source of nitrogen for these soils that are already high in sulfur. Nitrate levels in the crops were highest in the years of adequate rainfall and were generally increased about equally by each fertilizer. However, all crops contained well below recognized toxic levels.

EFFECTS OF SOLONETZ SOIL HORIZON MIXING ON THE AVAILABILITY OF NITROGEN TO PLANTS IN THE GREENHOUSE

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. CAIRNS
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Solonetz Soil

Samples of individual and mixed horizons of Solonetz soils were incubated and analyzed for NO3-N. Similar samples were used for the production of barley seedlings in which the plant uptake of N was measured. The measurement of NO3-N in soils after incubation showed, in general, that there was less mineralization of N in mixed horizons than in Ap horizons, although for three of the four soils, N taken up by barley seedlings was greater from the mixed horizons than from the Ap horizons.

Changes in the surface charge characteristics of degraded soils in the wet tropics through the addition of beneficiated bentonite

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 991 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Noble ◽  
G. P. Gillman ◽  
S. Nath ◽  
R. J. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Surface Charge ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Wet Tropics ◽  
Bentonite Clays ◽  
Degree Of Degradation

In their pristine state, soils of the wet tropics maintain highly productive climax rainforests that have an intrinsically tight nutrient cycling capacity. When these ecosystems are disturbed and placed under agronomic production, soil organic matter is rapidly lost due to continuous stirring of surface soils, and consequently, there is a rapid decline in fertility. In this study a methodology is presented that quantifies the degree of degradation that an agronomic system has undergone since land conversion. In an effort to reverse this degradation, a glasshouse study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of applying beneficiated bentonite clays on the surface charge characteristics of 2 degraded soils and their influence on the growth of sorghum. The properties of an Oxisol cleared of climax rain forest 53 years previously and currently under tea production were compared with an adjacent undisturbed forest. Soil pH declined by approximately 0.6 unit. Organic carbon levels decreased dramatically under the disturbed site, along with exchangeable basic cations. The degree of degradation associated with changed land use was estimated to be 85% for the surface soil horizon. In an effort to remediate the aforementioned degraded Oxisol and a similarly degraded light-textured Ultisol currently under sugarcane, varying rates (0–40 t/ha) of beneficiated (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and K + saturated in a ratio of 8 : 4 : 1) bentonite were applied. Charge fingerprints were produced for each treatment prior to and after the growing of a sorghum crop. The basic cation exchange capacity at soil pH was increased from 1.15 to 3.00 cmol c /kg on a light-textured Ultisol and from 0.8 to 2.00 cmol c /kg on the Oxisol through the addition of beneficiated bentonites. This increase in surface charge was found to be permanent. Concomitant with the improved charge characteristics was a significant and sustained increase in forage sorghum biomass production with increasing additions of bentonites on both soil types. The cumulative increase in yield between the control and 40 t/ha bentonite application was a 7.7- and 3.1-fold increase for the Ultisol and Oxisol soil types, respectively.

scholarly journals Acute zinc deficiency observed in cacao on certain soil types in Netherlands New Guinea.

1959 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-316
Author(s):  
H. Schroo
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Very Old ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Silty Loam ◽  
Leaf Symptoms

Leaf symptoms in young cacao were observed on two different soil types. On one, a very old, much leached, infertile, quartzitic silty loam, low Zn content was responsible; heavy drought which crippled the root systems made the hidden shortage acute. On the other soil, low Zn content was greatly accentuated by adverse soil conditions which impaired the uptake of Zn by the roots; high pH, excessive PO4, poor water-retaining capacity in dry weather and poor aeration in the wet season probably induced deficiency. Deficient trees recovered in 7 months with Zn sprays. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

THE CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION WITHIN THE EXPERIMENTAL AREA

2002 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Local Control ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Environmental Variation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Nearest Neighbour ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Column Design ◽  
Fertility Pattern

In any experiment the land will not be completely uniform and it is helpful to have ways of allowing for the variation. Some sources, for example altitude, will be obvious; some will be permanent but less obvious, such as depth of topsoil; and some may depend upon season and so be unpredictable. Various methods of local control have been suggested. Where the experimenter has good knowledge of the land it can be divided into blocks, each as far as possible uniform within itself. Then comparisons are made within the blocks rather than within the area as a whole. Where such knowledge does not exist, it is sometimes reasonable to make an assumption about the fertility pattern and make use of that, as in a row-and-column design like a Latin square. There is also the possibility of judging the fertility pattern from the data themselves and assessing the performance of a plot by reference to that of its neighbours.The approach will be to generate bodies of data on the computer to form realizations of diverse fertility patterns and to use all methods on all realizations, noting success and failure.When the variation forms a trend, blocks succeed only if they are aligned along fertility contours; the other methods do not depend upon orientation. Row-and-column designs can fail badly if the rows and columns interact. Some random variation is inevitable and it makes all methods less effective, especially nearest-neighbour methods, which can fail also when there are discontinuities. Random patches of different soil types are very difficult to deal with and any method might fail.

The cage method of sampling to assess herbage mass and herbage consumed on annual rangeland vegetation

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
BB Zahran ◽  
AM Holm ◽  
WR Stern ◽  
WA Loneragan
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Seasonal Trends ◽  
Stocking Rates

The cage method of sampling vegetation was used to estimate herbage mass and herbage consumed by sheep, grazing a pasture dominated by annual species, near Camawon, Western Australia. Using paired quadrats (2m x lm), one caged and the other open, herbage mass and herbage consumed were measured at five stocking rates on two soil types, on eight occasions between December 1983 and January 1985. The data were highly variable; nevertheless, some effects of season, soil type and stocking rate could be observed. The results showed clear seasonal trends. Some soil type x stocking rate interactions were detected during the dry periods of the year when herbage mass was low. Generally, the cage method tended to over-estimate herbage consuped. Sheep consumed approximately 119 to 116 of the available herbage at low and high stocking rates respectively when feed was plentiful; when feed was in short supply the corresponding figures were approximately 113 and 1/2. The limitations of the method are discussed and some suggestions made concerning its applicability in rangeland studies.

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