Changes in the surface charge characteristics of degraded soils in the wet tropics through the addition of beneficiated bentonite

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 991 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Noble ◽  
G. P. Gillman ◽  
S. Nath ◽  
R. J. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Surface Charge ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Wet Tropics ◽  
Bentonite Clays ◽  
Degree Of Degradation

In their pristine state, soils of the wet tropics maintain highly productive climax rainforests that have an intrinsically tight nutrient cycling capacity. When these ecosystems are disturbed and placed under agronomic production, soil organic matter is rapidly lost due to continuous stirring of surface soils, and consequently, there is a rapid decline in fertility. In this study a methodology is presented that quantifies the degree of degradation that an agronomic system has undergone since land conversion. In an effort to reverse this degradation, a glasshouse study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of applying beneficiated bentonite clays on the surface charge characteristics of 2 degraded soils and their influence on the growth of sorghum. The properties of an Oxisol cleared of climax rain forest 53 years previously and currently under tea production were compared with an adjacent undisturbed forest. Soil pH declined by approximately 0.6 unit. Organic carbon levels decreased dramatically under the disturbed site, along with exchangeable basic cations. The degree of degradation associated with changed land use was estimated to be 85% for the surface soil horizon. In an effort to remediate the aforementioned degraded Oxisol and a similarly degraded light-textured Ultisol currently under sugarcane, varying rates (0–40 t/ha) of beneficiated (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and K + saturated in a ratio of 8 : 4 : 1) bentonite were applied. Charge fingerprints were produced for each treatment prior to and after the growing of a sorghum crop. The basic cation exchange capacity at soil pH was increased from 1.15 to 3.00 cmol c /kg on a light-textured Ultisol and from 0.8 to 2.00 cmol c /kg on the Oxisol through the addition of beneficiated bentonites. This increase in surface charge was found to be permanent. Concomitant with the improved charge characteristics was a significant and sustained increase in forage sorghum biomass production with increasing additions of bentonites on both soil types. The cumulative increase in yield between the control and 40 t/ha bentonite application was a 7.7- and 3.1-fold increase for the Ultisol and Oxisol soil types, respectively.

Surface charge characteristics and lime requirements of soils derived from basaltic, granite and metamorphic rocks in high rainfall tropical Queensland

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
GP Gillman ◽  
EA Sumpter
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Method ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Basaltic Soils ◽  
Highly Weathered Soils

The cation and anion exchange capacities of a large number of soils formed on basaltic, granitic, and metamorphic parent materials in the high rainfall area (approximately 4000 mm) of tropical north Queensland have been examined. Aspects studied included the changes in CEC and AEC between pH 4 and pH 6, the relative amounts of permanent and variable charge over this pH range, and the lime requirements of these highly weathered soils. A distinction is made between the Total Cation Exchange Capacity (CECT), defined as the Ca + Al adsorbed, and the Basic Cation Exchange Capacity (CECB), which is the Ca adsorbed. At low pH, CECB may be much less than CECT. The CEC, increase with pH in the highly oxidic basaltic soils is largely due to changes in surface charge, while in the granitic and metamorphic soils, increasing occupation of exchange sites by Al as pH decreases is the factor responsible for the increase in CECB. A good estimation of CECB at soil pH is obtained with a previously described compulsive exchange method, and there is high correlation between CECT at soil pH and the Effective Cation Exchange Capacity (= Ca + Mg + K + Na + Al). The amount of lime required to raise soil pH to pH 5.5 in the granitic and metamorphic soils was equivalent to the amount of exchangeable Al, but in the basaltic soils the lime requirement was two to three times greater than the amount of exchangeable Al.

Agroforestry in Eastern Otago: results from two long-term experiments

2000 ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
G.G. Cossens ◽  
M.F. Hawke
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Clover Content ◽  
Pasture Yield

During the first 20 years of a Pinus radiata tree rotation, tree growth and pasture yield were assessed under a range of tree spacings at Invermay and Akatore, two coastal sites in Eastern Otago. Pasture yield in association with trees thinned to 100 stems per hectare (sph) was comparable to that from open pasture up to a tree age of 12 years. By the 19th year, however, pasture production declined to 63% of open pasture yield at Invermay and to 42% at Akatore. At 200 and 400 sph at Akatore, pasture yield was similar to that from open pasture at tree age 12 years but declined to 27% and 0% of open pasture yield respectively by year 20. At both Invermay and Akatore, the ryegrass and clover content of open pasture was relatively constant throughout the term of the trial. However, both the ryegrass and clover content of pasture beneath trees began to decline by tree age 12 years with a very rapid decline at Akatore in the number of pasture species at 200 sph by the 19th year. No pasture remained at 400 sph, after 19 years. Livestock carrying capacity with sheep on tree treatments at Invermay decreased from 100% of open pasture at year 6 to 60% by year 10. At Akatore, livestock carrying capacity averaged over the 20-year life of the trial was 4.1 stock units per hectare with a maximum of 8.1 stock units at a tree age of 8 years. Tree growth at both sites was similar, averaging between 1 and 1.1 m/year in height over 20 years, with trees at Invermay at 100 sph averaging 9% greater height and diameter growth than at Akatore. Increasing tree stocking from 100 to 200 to 400 sph at Akatore, resulted in increased tree height, but decreased diameter at breast height. A comparison of the East Otago trees with those in a similar trial at Tikitere (Rotorua) 900 km further north indicated that the southern trees were about 6 years later in their growth pattern by tree age 20 years. On both sites, soil pH tended to be lower in the presence of trees and was significantly lower than in open pasture by year 20. The results and comparisons with the Tikitere data suggest that, in an integrated agroforestry regime, there will be livestock grazing under the trees further into the tree rotation in Otago than in North Island sites. However, slower tree growth would result in a longer rotation time to harvest. Current recommendations to farmers are to plant trees on the less productive areas of the farm and adopt a tree stocking rate which fully utilises the site. Keywords: agroforestry, livestock, pasture, Pinus radiata, soil pH, tree stocking

scholarly journals Residual effect of sewage sludge fertilization on sunflower yield and nutrition

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1005-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermann C. de Albuquerque ◽  
Geraldo R. Zuba Junio ◽  
Regynaldo A. Sampaio ◽  
Luiz A. Fernandes ◽  
Fabiano B. S. Prates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Potential Acidity

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate the residual effect of sewage sludge fertilization on yield and nutrition of sunflower in its second cycle. The experiment was carried out from April to August 2012. The treatments consisted of four doses of sewage sludge (0, 10, 20 and 30 t ha-1, dry basis) applied in the first cycle of sunflower, distributed in a randomized block design, with six replicates. Sunflower stem diameter, plant height, capitulum diameter and yield increased with the increment in sewage sludge doses, with maximum values observed with the dose of 30 t ha-1. The contents of calcium and magnesium in the soil, pH, sum of bases, effective and potential cation exchange capacity and base saturation increased, while potential acidity and the contents of manganese and iron in the leaves decreased, with the increment in the residual doses of sewage sludge. There was a reduction in yield and growth characteristics of sunflower in the second cycle; thus, additional fertilization with sewage sludge is recommended in each new cycle.

scholarly journals Liming Effects of Sawdust Ash and Lime on Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Yield in Acidic Soil of Southeastern Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
C. V. Ogbenna ◽  
V. E. Osodeke
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Acidic Soil ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Head Weight

Aim: A pot experiment was carried out to determine the effect of sawdust ash and lime (Ca(OH)2) on soil characteristics and yield of sunflower in acidic soil of southeastern Nigeria. Study Design: The experiment was laid out in split-plot design, using sawdust ash (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 t ha-1) as the sub plot and lime (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 t ha-1) as the main plot. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted outdoors at Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Nigeria, during the 2010 planting season. Materials and Methods: Treatment combinations were applied to the 60 buckets containing soil, mixed thoroughly and watered adequately. After 1 week of treatment application, two sunflower seeds were planted and later thinned to one seedling per bucket. Plant growth and yield data were collected. Pre planting and post-harvest soil samples were collected and analyzed for soil properties. Results: Results showed that with the exception of organic carbon there was significant effect of treatments on all soil chemical properties. Lime and sawdust ash (SDA) as single and combined treatments significantly increased total nitrogen (P=0.05), available phosphorus (P<0.010), and base saturation (P<0.012). The interaction between SDA and lime significantly (P=0.05) increased total exchangeable bases and effective cation exchange capacity, while soil pH was significantly increased (P=0.05) by single applications. The increases in soil chemical properties led to significant positive response of the sunflower. With the exception of number of leaves, other plant parameters (Plant height, stem diameter, head weight, 50 seed weight, head diameter) had significant increases for sawdust ash alone at P=0.05. Correlation studies showed positive significant relationship between soil pH and sunflower yield. Conclusion: The study showed that sunflower performed best at the combination of 3 tha-1 SDA and 1.5 t ha-1 lime producing a mean head weight of 45.4 g.

scholarly journals Planting trees and amending with waste increases the capacity of mine tailings soils to retain Ni, Pb and Zn

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Asensio Fandiño ◽  
Flora A. Vega ◽  
Rubén Forján ◽  
Emma F. Covelo
Keyword(s):  
Sorption Capacity ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Mine Tailings ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Batch Adsorption ◽  
Organic And Inorganic Carbon ◽  
High Concentrations

The sorption capacity for Ni, Pb and Zn of mine tailings soil with and without reclamation treatment (tree planting and waste amendment) was evaluated using the batch adsorption technique. It is important to determine the capacity of waste-amended soils to retain Ni, Pb and Zn, as the sludges used usually have high concentrations of these metals. The results obtained in the present study showed that the untreated mine tailings soil had a low capacity for Ni, Pb and Zn retention. The sorption capacity for Pb increased significantly in all of the treated soils, without any significant differences between them. The treatment that most increased the sorption capacity for Ni and Zn was planting with trees and amending with waste simultaneously, as this increased the concentration of both organic and inorganic carbon, exchangeable calcium, soil pH and effective cation exchange capacity

scholarly journals Distribution of soil nutrients and erodibility factor under different soil types in an erosion region of Southeast China

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11630
Author(s):  
Man Liu ◽  
Guilin Han
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Erodibility ◽  
Soil Evolution ◽  
Southeast China ◽  
Red Soils ◽  
K Factor

Background Soil erosion can affect the distribution of soil nutrients, which restricts soil productivity. However, it is still a challenge to understand the response of soil nutrients to erosion under different soil types. Methods The distribution of soil nutrients, including soil organic carbon (SOC), soil organic nitrogen (SON), and soil major elements (expressed as Al2O3, CaO, Fe2O3, K2O, Na2O, MgO, TiO2, and SiO2), were analyzed in the profiles from yellow soils, red soils, and lateritic red soils in an erosion region of Southeast China. Soil erodibility K factor calculated on the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model was used to indicate erosion risk of surface soils (0∼30 cm depth). The relationships between these soil properties were explored by Spearman’s rank correlation analysis, further to determine the factors that affected the distribution of SOC, SON, and soil major elements under different soil types. Results The K factors in the red soils were significantly lower than those in the yellow soils and significantly higher than those in the lateritic red soils. The SON concentrations in the deep layer of the yellow soils were twice larger than those in the red soils and lateritic red soils, while the SOC concentrations between them were not significantly different. The concentrations of most major elements, except Al2O3 and SiO2, in the yellow soils, were significantly larger than those in the red soils and lateritic red soils. Moreover, the concentrations of major metal elements positively correlated with silt proportions and SiO2 concentrations positively correlated with sand proportions at the 0∼80 cm depth in the yellow soils. Soil major elements depended on both soil evolution and soil erosion in the surface layer of yellow soils. In the yellow soils below the 80 cm depth, soil pH positively correlated with K2O, Na2O, and CaO concentrations, while negatively correlated with Fe2O3 concentrations, which was controlled by the processes of soil evolution. The concentrations of soil major elements did not significantly correlate with soil pH or particle distribution in the red soils and lateritic red soils, likely associated with intricate factors. Conclusions These results suggest that soil nutrients and soil erodibility K factor in the yellow soils were higher than those in the lateritic red soils and red soils. The distribution of soil nutrients is controlled by soil erosion and soil evolution in the erosion region of Southeast China.

scholarly journals Crop Response to Soil Acidity Factors in Ultisols and Oxisols in Puerto Rico. XII. Tomatoes

1969 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-365
Author(s):  
Edmundo Rivera ◽  
José Rodríguez ◽  
Fernando Abruña
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Exchangeable Al

The effect of acidity factors of two Ultisols and one Oxisol on yield and foliar composition of tomatoes was determined. Yields were not markedly reduced by acidity in the Ultisols until pH dropped to around 4.6 with 45% Al saturation of the cation exchange capacity (CEC), and no yield was produced at about pH 4.1 and 80% Al saturation. In the Oxisol, tomato yields dropped steadily from 39.7 t/ha, when there was no exchangeable AI, to 17.5 t/ha at the highest level of acidity, pH 4.4 and 43% AI saturation. In all soils, yields were closely correlated with soil pH, exchangeable Al and Ca and Al/Ca.

Effects of biochars generated from crop residues on chemical properties of acid soils from tropical and subtropical China

Soil Research ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Hua Yuan ◽  
Ren-Kou Xu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Subtropical China ◽  
Exchangeable Base Cations ◽  
Exchangeable Acidity

The chemical compositions of biochars from ten crop residues generated at 350°C and their effects on chemical properties of acid soils from tropical and subtropical China were investigated. There was greater alkalinity and contents of base cations in the biochars from legume residues than from non-legume residues. Carbonates and organic anions of carboxyl and phenolic groups were the main forms of alkalis in the biochars, and their relative contributions to biochar alkalinity varied with crop residues. Incubation experiments indicated that biochar incorporation increased soil pH and soil exchangeable base cations and decreased soil exchangeable acidity. There were greater increases in soil pH and soil exchangeable base cations, and a greater decrease in soil exchangeable acidity, for biochars from legume than from non-legume residues. The biochars did not increase the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soils with relatively high initial CEC but did increase the CEC of soils with relatively low initial CEC at an addition level of 1%. The incorporation of biochars from crop residues not only corrected soil acidity but also increased contents of potassium, magnesium, and calcium in these acid soils from tropical and subtropical regions and thus improved soil fertility.

Acidification of soils on a transect from plains to slopes, south western New-South-Wales

Soil Research ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Chartres ◽  
RW Cumming ◽  
JA Beattie ◽  
GM Bowman ◽  
JT Wood
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Acidification ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
New South ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
The West ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Red Earth

Samples were collected from unimproved road reserves and adjacent paddocks on a 90 km transect crossing red-brown earth soils in the west and red earth soils in the east. Measurements of pH in water and CaCl2 indicated that the red earths have been acidified by approximately 0.5 pH units over the last 30-40 years. Small increases in CaCl2-extractable A1 were also recorded for the acidified red earths. The red-brown earths do not appear to have been markedly affected by soil acidification to date. Clay mineralogical data and measurements of cation exchange capacity of the <2 �m fraction indicate that red-brown earths are better buffered against acidification than red earths. However, small differences in management practices and rainfall along the transect may also be partially responsible for differences in acidification between soil types.

scholarly journals Studies in vivo on the biosynthesis of collagen and elastin in ascorbic acid-deficient guinea pigs. Evidence for the formation and degradation of a partially hydroxylated collagen

1970 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Barnes ◽  
B. J. Constable ◽  
L. F. Morton ◽  
E. Kodicek
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Skin Collagen ◽  
Labelled Compound ◽  
Degree Of Degradation

1. After the administration of l-[G-3H]proline to guinea pigs deprived of ascorbic acid for increasing periods of time, the specific radioactivities of proline and hydroxyproline in skin collagen and aortic elastin were determined at various time-intervals after administration of the labelled compound with a view to studying the formation and degradation of collagen and elastin both deficient in hydroxyproline. 2. As judged from the incorporation of radioactivity into elastin proline, elastin synthesis was not decreased in the ascorbic acid-deficient animals. There was however, a rapid decline in the specific radioactivity of elastin hydroxyproline. The proline/hydroxyproline specific-radioactivity ratio was approx. 1.5:1 after 6 days and 20:1 after 12 days of ascorbic acid deprivation, in contrast with the ratio of 1:1 in controls. The results suggested that the effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on elastin biosynthesis could be regarded as simply an elimination of hydroxylation of elastin proline with the formation and retention of a polymer increasingly deficient in hydroxyproline. 3. Collagen proline and hydroxyproline specific radioactivities were derived from material that was soluble in hot trichloroacetic acid, non-diffusible and collagenase-degradable. In contrast with elastin, there was a rapid decline in the specific radioactivity of proline as well as hydroxyproline in collagen from the ascorbic acid-deficient animals. However, the proline/hydroxyproline specific-radioactivity ratio in all samples from scorbutic animals was consistently slightly above 1:1. The results suggest the appearance in place of collagen, but in rapidly diminishing amounts, of a partially hydroxylated collagen in which the degree of hydroxylation may be decreased only by approx. 10%. 4. Incorporation of radioactivity into the diffusible hydroxyproline in skin remained relatively high despite the rapid decline in the incorporation of radioactivity into collagen. This observation is interpreted as indicative of an increasing degree of degradation of partially hydroxylated collagen to diffusible peptides. An alternative explanation might be that partially hydroxylated peptides are released to an increasing extent from ribosomes before they attain a length at least sufficient to render them non-diffusible. In either case it implies the accumulation in scurvy of low-molecular-weight peptides enriched in proline and deficient in hydroxyproline and could explain the failure to accumulate a high-molecular-weight collagen deficient in hydroxyproline. 5. It is thought, however, that, in addition, an inhibition of ribosomal amino acid incorporation leading to decreased synthesis of partially hydroxylated collagen may also occur, perhaps secondarily to impaired hydroxylation.

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