PEAK FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR SPRINKLER IRRIGATION OF ORCHARDS AS AFFECTED BY SOIL TEXTURE AND PEAK EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
J. C. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Steady Flow ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Water Holding

A scheduling procedure was used in 17 orchards, from 1962 to 1965 inclusive, to determine the peak flow of irrigation water required per unit area of land. Irrigation was by the sprinkler method, with portable pipe settings of 12 hours. Peak flow was determined on a steady-flow basis during periods of peak evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration (ET) was determined by use of evaporimeters. The texture and the water-holding capacity of the soil were also determined. Highly significant coefficients of correlation were obtained between the peak flow required and each of percent sand, average ET per day during the period of peak ET, depth of water applied at each irrigation, length of irrigation interval and various other factors. High correlation coefficients were also obtained among the factors studied. Regression of percent sand and peak ET on peak flow accounted for 90.6% of the variations in peak flow; regression of depth per application and length of irrigation interval accounted for 84.1%. It is suggested that peak flow was affected directly by the depth of water applied at each irrigation and by the length of the "safe" irrigation interval, and indirectly by other factors.

EFFECTS OF SOIL TEXTURE, NET EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND OTHER FACTORS ON IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF ORCHARDS AS DETERMINED BY A SCHEDULING PROCEDURE

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Irrigation Requirement ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
The One ◽  
Water Holding

Minimum annual irrigation-water requirements were determined in 17 mature orchards over a 4-year period, by gradually reducing the application rates until the desired minimum soil-moisture contents were achieved. Variations in weather were taken care of by use of a scheduling procedure. The criteria used for determination of minimum requirements allowed for some wilting of the cover crops, but not of the trees. The soils ranged from a sand to a fine silt loam, with accompanying wide ranges in water-holding capacity, depth of water needed at each irrigation, and safe irrigation interval in the heat of the summer. Highly significant correlations were obtained between the annual irrigation requirement on the one hand and soil texture and net evapotranspiration on the other hand. By multiple regression it was found that these two factors, together with number of days of irrigating, accounted for 91 to 94% of the variation in annual irrigation applications. It is concluded that the coarser-textured the soil, the greater was the annual irrigation requirement.

scholarly journals Benefits of treating a sandy soil with a crosslinked-type polyacrylamide

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 579 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sivapalan
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Deep Percolation ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Water Holding

The productivity of sandy soils is mostly limited by their low water-holding capacity and excessive deep percolation losses, which reduce the efficiency of water and fertiliser use by plants. The effect of a crosslinked-type polyacrylamide, ALCOSORB 400, on water-holding capacity of a sandy soil, siliceous sands, was studied under the laboratory and glasshouse conditions. Water-holding capacity of the soil exposed to 0.01 MPa increased by 23 and 95% by adding 0.03 and 0.07% of polyacrylamide to the soil, respectively. This indicated that the soil treated with polyacrylamide was able to store more water than untreated soil, thereby reducing the potential losses due to deep percolation in sandy soils. However, the polyacrylamide in the treated soil did not significantly increase the quantity of water released from the soil by increasing the pressure from 0.01 to 1.5 MPa. The results from the first glasshouse experiment demonstrated that the excess amount of water stored in the soil by polyacrylamide was available to plants and resulted in higher water use and grain production. Consequently, there was a 12 and 18 fold increase in water use efficiency of soybean plants grown in soils treated with 0.03 and 0.07% polyacrylamide, respectively. The results from the second glasshouse experiment demonstrated that increasing amounts of polyacrylamides in a sandy soil can extend the irrigation interval without any adverse effect on the grain yield of soybeans.

Relationship Between the Subjective and Objective Assessment of Pork M. semimembranosus and Classification of Further Processed Pork Quality

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. McDonagh ◽  
D. J. Troy ◽  
J. P. Kerry ◽  
A. M. Mullen
Keyword(s):  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Visual Methods ◽  
Colour Measurements ◽  
Water Holding

Pale, soft, exudative (PSE) pork poses many problems for ham processors with the colour and texture of the final product being of major concern. As visual assessment is the primary, and often the only, method used by these producers, they require objective methods of assessing the quality of the raw material prior to production of hams. This study was conducted to establish the relationship between objective colour measurements and subjective (visual) methods of assessing pork meat quality and to ascertain the ability of objective colour measurements (CIE L* and percentage reflectance) to accurately segregate porcine muscles according to quality, prior to ham production. Pork topsides (M. semi-membranosus and M. adductor) were visually assessed by experienced industry personnel, from a large ham producing company, as being ‘pale’ (n 489) or ‘good’ (n 625) in colour. CIE L* and percentage reflectance (%R) were then recorded on all muscles. Pearson’s correlation coefficients confirmed a significant relationship between visually assessed meat and both L* (r 0.71) and reflectance (r 0.71). CIE L* above 57 and%R below 43% correctly classified 75% of the ‘pale’ topsides. CIE L* below 53 and%R above 53% correctly classified 75% of the ‘good’ topsides. Muscles were processed and colour, texture, sliceability and water holding capacity of the resulting ham products were determined. Hams produced using ‘pale’ topsides had significantly higher (p 0.001) CIE L* and b* values and lower%R (p 0.001), moisture content (p 0.001) and water holding capacity (p 0.05). The textural characteristics of the hams were significantly different (p 0.05) and those produced using ‘good’ meat had greater cohesiveness, chewiness, gumminess and springiness. This study indicates that these objective methods may have potential in the classification of topsides prior to ham processing.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION INTERVAL AND SOIL TYPE ON PASTURE AND LUCERNE PRODUCTION

1985 ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Border Strip ◽  
Water Restrictions ◽  
Water Holding

The responses of pasture and lucerne to irrigation were compared in 2 series of trials (1976-1981 and 1980-1984) on 8 different Canterbury soils. Pasture responses were also measured on a further 4 soils. With unrestricted irrigation, pasture yields were similar (about 11 t DM/ha/yr) on 8 of the 12 soils. These soils ranged from stone free Wakanui clay loams to a very stony Balmoral silt loam. Two soils yielded at a higher level, and two very stony soils significantly less. Non-irrigated lucerne yielded more than pasture in "average" Canterbury seasons, but less in two exceptionally dry years. With irrigation, lucerne yielded more than pasture for the first 2 or 3 years but tended to decline thereafter. The paper discusses irrigation strategies for border strip irrigated pastoral farms in times of water restrictions. It concludes that maximum DM production is likely to be obtained by spreading the available water over all irrigated pasture untii the irrigation interval reaches 23 to 28 days on shallow stony soils and 34 to 38 days on higher water holding capacity soils. Keywords: pasture production, lucerne production, irrigation, irrigation interval, Canterbury.

scholarly journals Deficit Irrigation Affects Growth, Yield, Vitamin C Content, and Irrigation Water Use Efficiency of Hot Pepper Grown in Soilless Culture

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 722-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adel F. Ahmed ◽  
Hongjun Yu ◽  
Xueyong Yang ◽  
Weijie Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Hot Pepper ◽  
Irrigation Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Water Holding

Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum cv. Battle) was grown in a 1:1 v/v sand-to-cotton stalk compost and subjected to four irrigation treatments: 100% of water-holding capacity (control) and 85%, 70%, and 55% of water-holding capacity, which were considered deficit irrigation treatments. All treatments were given to the plants at the first day of transplanting and continued during the whole growing season. Our results demonstrated that deficit irrigation had a negative effect on plant growth and yield. Increasing irrigation deficiency exhibited a reduction in vegetative growth, fruit parameters, and yield and a nonsignificant increase in irrigation water use efficiency and a corresponding reduction in the amount of irrigation water. Vitamin C content in fruit was significantly decreased by deficit irrigation treatments at various ripening stages. Water-holding capacity of 100% and 85%, respectively, resulted in the highest content of vitamin C obtained at the ripening stage. We concluded that ‘Battle’ hot pepper is sensitive to deficit irrigation. Supplying this cultivar with water at 85% of water-holding capacity could be a practical irrigation technique for high value of vitamin C production as well as saving a large amount of water, which outweighs the decrease in total fresh yield of fruit, especially in areas suffering from water shortage.

POSTMORTEM pH CHANGE AS RELATED TO TENDERNESS AND WATER-HOLDING CAPACITY OF MUSCLE FROM STEER, BULL AND HEIFER CARCASSES

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. MARTIN ◽  
H. T. FREDEEN
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Ph Measurements ◽  
Muscle Properties ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Water Retention Properties ◽  
Water Holding

The patterns of postmortem pH change for four major bovine muscles, the semimembranosus, adductor, longissimus dorsi, and brachialis, were examined on carcasses from 130 bulls, 54 steers, and 40 heifers reared and slaughtered contemporaneously. Various muscle properties were related to rate and extent of pH change. Regression of pH on time for each of the four muscles was similar, although each of the four muscles differed (P < 0.05) at all pH recordings. Carcasses were designated fast-, medium-, and slow-glycolyzing on the basis of pH readings recorded within 2 h postmortem. Only 5 and 11% of the steers and heifers, respectively, were classed "slow" whereas approximately 30% of the bull carcasses fell into this category. This classification did not differentiate carcasses of any sex with respect to tenderness (shear values) or to water-holding capacity. Considerable sex heterogeneity of correlation coefficients was evident, with those from bulls generally being of greatest magnitude because of the tendency for bulls to be stressed by shipping and handling during the immediate pre-slaughter period. Where preslaughter stress effects were not important, postmortem pH measurements were not useful predictors of tenderness or water retention properties of muscle.

scholarly journals Influence of Irrigation Frequency on Radicchio (Cichorium Intybus L.) Yield

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Bortolini ◽  
Massimo Tolomio
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Cultivation Period ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Growing Conditions

Red chicory (radicchio) plants produce leafy heads that are of great commercial interest and they require a proper irrigation technique to achieve satisfactory productivity. The use of mini-sprinklers with high-frequency irrigation schedules may increase radicchio productivity, provide better growing conditions due to timely intervention, and save water, but so far little research has been carried out on this topic. This experiment aims at evaluating the effect of two mini-sprinkler irrigation schedules (high- and low-frequency) on radicchio yield and growing conditions over a 5-year cultivation period. Marketable radicchio head production was on average 12% greater with the high-frequency schedule (26.5 t ha−1) than with the low-frequency schedule (23.6 t ha−1), mainly due to greater head weight. The number of underweight, pre-flowering, rotten, and missing plants was significantly different between the two schedules when these variables were considered separately, but the overall number of marketable plants was greater in the high-frequency schedule during certain years. In general, the high-frequency schedule permitted to increase both radicchio yield and to reduce irrigation water use on average by 14% (−24 mm in volume), improving the irrigation water productivity by 19% (from 0.18 t mm−1 of the low-frequency schedule to 0.22 t mm−1 of the high-frequency schedule). Reducing the irrigation interval permits a timely adaptation to the weather course and improves radicchio growing conditions, presenting itself as a valid strategy that could be adopted by the farmers, upon appropriate consideration of energy and management costs.

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