POSTMORTEM pH CHANGE AS RELATED TO TENDERNESS AND WATER-HOLDING CAPACITY OF MUSCLE FROM STEER, BULL AND HEIFER CARCASSES

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. MARTIN ◽  
H. T. FREDEEN
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Ph Measurements ◽  
Muscle Properties ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Water Retention Properties ◽  
Water Holding

The patterns of postmortem pH change for four major bovine muscles, the semimembranosus, adductor, longissimus dorsi, and brachialis, were examined on carcasses from 130 bulls, 54 steers, and 40 heifers reared and slaughtered contemporaneously. Various muscle properties were related to rate and extent of pH change. Regression of pH on time for each of the four muscles was similar, although each of the four muscles differed (P < 0.05) at all pH recordings. Carcasses were designated fast-, medium-, and slow-glycolyzing on the basis of pH readings recorded within 2 h postmortem. Only 5 and 11% of the steers and heifers, respectively, were classed "slow" whereas approximately 30% of the bull carcasses fell into this category. This classification did not differentiate carcasses of any sex with respect to tenderness (shear values) or to water-holding capacity. Considerable sex heterogeneity of correlation coefficients was evident, with those from bulls generally being of greatest magnitude because of the tendency for bulls to be stressed by shipping and handling during the immediate pre-slaughter period. Where preslaughter stress effects were not important, postmortem pH measurements were not useful predictors of tenderness or water retention properties of muscle.

Impact of Biochar on Water Holding Capacity of Two Chinese Agricultural Soil

2014 ◽  
Vol 941-944 ◽  
pp. 952-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dao Yuan Wang ◽  
Deng Hua Yan ◽  
Xin Shan Song ◽  
Hao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Walnut Shell ◽  
Retention Characteristics ◽  
Water Holding

Adding biochar to agricultural soil has been suggested as an approach to enhance soil carbon sequestration. Biochar has also been used as a soil amendment to reduce nutrient leaching, reduce soil acidity and improve water holding capacity. Walnut shells and woody material are waste products of orchards that are cheap, carbon-rich and good feedstock for production of biochar. The effectiveness of biochar as an amendment varies considerably as a function of its feedstock, temperature during pyrolysis, the biochar dose to soil, and mechanical composition. Biochar was produced from pyrolysis of walnut shell at 900 °C and soft wood at 600 to 700 °C. We measured the effect of these different parameters in two types of agricultural soil in Jilin and Beijing, China, a silt clay loam and a sandy loam, on the soils’ particle size distribution and water retention characteristics. Biochars with two different doses were applied to each soil type. Soil field capacity and permanent wilting point were measured using a pressure plate extractor for each combination of biochar and soil type. The results show that the effect of biochar amendment on soil water retention characteristics depend primarily on soil particle size distribution and surface characteristics of biochar. High surface area biochar can help raise the water holding capacity of sandy soil.

scholarly journals Comparison of three models fitting the soil water retention curves in a degraded alpine meadow region

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Pan ◽  
Shuai Hou ◽  
Yujie Liu ◽  
Qinghua Tan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Alpine Meadow ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Curve Shape ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Soil Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Gardner Model

AbstractSoil water retention curve (SWRC) plays an important role in simulating soil water movement and assessing soil water holding capacity and availability. Comparison of fitness between different models to determine the best SWRC model of specific regions is required. In this study, three popular models, van Genuchten, Brooks Corey and Gardner model, were selected for comparing in a degraded alpine meadow region on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Fitness, error distribution along with key parameters were compared. For each soil horizon, the soil moisture content at all soil water potentials decreased consistently with degradation, thereby integrally moving the SWRCs of all soil depths downward with degradation. The differences in SWRCs across various degradation degrees diminished along with soil depth and soil water potential. The Adj.r2 values of van Genuchten, Brooks Corey and Gardner models ranged in 0.971–0.995, 0.958–0.997, and 0.688–0.909, respectively. The van Genuchten and Brooks Corey models significantly (p < 0.05) outperformed the Gardner model, and have no significant differences in fitness. The fitness of all three models showed no significant changes with degradation. Regardless of degradation degree and soil depth, the fitting error of van Genuchten and Brooks Corey models was mainly distributed in the higher (from –100 hPa to –500 hPa) and lower (below –10000 hPa) potential sections. With regard to the parameters of van Genuchten and Brooks Corey models, the field capacity (θs), and permanent wilting moisture were highly coherent with Adj.r2 values of higher than 0.98, while the curve shape parameter (θr), and air entry pressure of the Brooks Corey model were much lower than those of the van Genuchten model with Adj.r2 values of lower than 0.91. The SWRCs with varying degrees of degradation are best fitted by both van Genuchten and Brooks Corey models but cannot be fitted by Gardner model. Soil water holding capacity decreased with degradation especially in the top soil (0 cm to 30 cm), but the curve shape of all SWRCs did not change significantly with degradation.

scholarly journals Infiltration and water retention of biological soil crusts on reclaimed soils of former open-cast lignite mining sites in Brandenburg, north-east Germany

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Gypser ◽  
Maik Veste ◽  
Thomas Fischer ◽  
Philipp Lange
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Biological Soil Crusts ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Lignite Mining ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
Soil Crusts ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Open Cast

AbstractInvestigations were done on two former open-cast lignite mining sites under reclamation, an artificial sand dune in Welzow Süd, and a forest plantation in Schlabendorf Süd (Brandenburg, Germany). The aim was to associate the topsoil hydrological characteristics of green algae dominated as well as moss and soil lichen dominated biological soil crusts during crustal succession with their water retention and the repellency index on sandy soils under temperate climate and different reliefs.The investigation of the repellency index showed on the one hand an increase due to the cross-linking of sand particles by green algae which resulted in clogging of pores. On the other hand, the occurrence of moss plants led to a decrease of the repellency index due to absorption caused by bryophytes. The determination of the water retention curves showed an increase of the water holding capacity, especially in conjunction with the growth of green algae layer. The pore-related van Genuchten parameter indicate a clay-like behaviour of the developed soil crusts. Because of the inhomogeneous distribution of lichens and mosses as well as the varying thickness of green algae layers, the water retention differed between the study sites and between samples of similar developmental stages. However, similar tendencies of water retention and water repellency related to the soil crust formation were observed.Biological soil crusts should be considered after disturbances in the context of reclamation measures, because the initial development of green algae biocrusts lead to an increasing repellency index, while the occurrence of mosses and a gain in organic matter enhance the water holding capacity. Thus, the succession of biocrusts and their small-scale succession promote the development of soil and ecosystem.

scholarly journals Water-holding capacity, colour stability and sensory characteristics in meat (M. longissimus dorsi) from reindeer fed two different commercial feeds

Rangifer ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Wiklund ◽  
Lisbeth Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Evaluation ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Colour Stability ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Meat Colour ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
The Right ◽  
Storage Times ◽  
Water Holding

Twenty reindeer calves (age 10 months) were included in the study. They were all fed one of two different pelleted feed mixtures ad libitum for two months before slaughter. Ten calves were fed a control diet of conventional pellets (CPD) (Renfor Bas, Lantmännen, Holmsund, Sweden) and ten calves received pellets enriched with linseed cake (LPD). The reindeer were slaughtered according to standard procedure at Arvidsjaur Renslakt AB, a reindeer slaughter plant in Arvidsjaur, Sweden. At 1 day post mortem, both longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles from each carcass were excised. The left LD was used for sensory evaluation and the right LD for colour and water-holding capacity measurements. The right LD was cut in 4 pieces that were randomly allocated to storage times of 1 day, 1, 2, or 3 weeks at + 4 °C. Samples allocated for storage were vacuum packaged. Evaluation of meat colour was carried out after each of the four storage times while drip loss/purge was registered after 1, 2, and 3 weeks storage at + 4 °C. The left LD muscles were vacuum packaged, frozen at -20 °C and kept frozen until preparation for sensory evaluation. No significant differences were found in carcass quality (carcass weight, EUROP carcass conformation and fat scores), meat colour stability and water-holding capacity of LD samples when comparing the two treatment groups LPD and CPD. However, sensory panellists judged samples from LPD fed reindeer to have a tendency (not significant) to be more tender (P= 0.06) and juicy (P=0.07) than the meat samples from CPD fed reindeer. No flavour differences were found when comparing meat samples from the two treatment groups.

scholarly journals Water holding capacity of Swamp Buffalo muscles raised with and without proper herd health

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 04004
Author(s):  
M.A. Fhaisol ◽  
S. Rosly ◽  
E.M.H. Nasyatul ◽  
I. Lokman ◽  
A.H. Hasliza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Herd Health ◽  
Storage Quality ◽  
Fresh Meat ◽  
Swamp Buffalo ◽  
Eating Experience ◽  
Water Holding

Fresh meat is composed of 70-75% water. Meanwhile, water holding capacity (WHC) affects storage quality, appearance, eating experience, and also contributes to loss of profit for meat entrepreneurs. WHC is influenced by the species, sex, breed, farming practices, as well as post-slaughter storage and handling. Swamp buffalo meat is leaner compared to cattle, goats, and sheep. Therefore, this study aims to determine the WHC of swamp buffalo muscles raised with two herd health programs at different aging periods. A total of 24 months old male swamp buffalo (n=4) was raised with a proper herd health protocol (HHP) and another (n=6) without a proper herd health protocol (NHHP). The drip loss (DL), thawing loss (TL), and cooking loss (CL) for longissimus dorsi (LD), supraspinatus (SS), and semitendinosus (ST) muscles were evaluated on day 1, 7, and 14. Based on the results, only SS and ST from NHHP showed significant differences (P≤0.05), while DL, LD, SS, and ST of the HHP and NHHP also differed significantly (P≤0.05). Furthermore, the TL and CL for all the muscles showed significant differences (P≤0.05) at day 7 of aging in the NHHP group, while on day 14, both were significantly higher in LD and ST muscles of NHHP compared to the HHP group. Therefore, the results showed that the muscles of the HHP group had a better WHC compared to NHHP.

scholarly journals Effect of duck genotype on leg muscle properties

2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 649-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wołoszyn ◽  
A. Okruszek ◽  
A. Orkusz ◽  
M. Wereńska ◽  
J. Książkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Cooking Loss ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Pekin Duck ◽  
Muscle Properties ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Water Holding

Abstract. The research objective was to compare the nutritive value and some functional properties of duck leg muscles from different flocks. A total of 80 drakes out of three conservative flocks (cross-breeds Pekin type – SB, Miniduck – K2, Pekin originated from Danish Pekin duck – P8) and one maternal breeding strain (P66) aged seven weeks, were used for comparison. The content of protein, lipids, moisture, essential amino acids, fatty acids and cholesterol were estimated. The investigation of functional properties has covered: the determination of the colour parameters – L*, a* b*, colour difference between individual flocks, total haem pigments’ content, sensory evaluation of raw muscles’ colour intensity in 10 point scale; pH24; water holding capacity; cooking loss and shear force. Comparing the basic chemical and amino acid composition, cholesterol content and profile of fatty acids, it could be concluded that the P66 leg muscles coming from a selected breeding strain, are the most favourable from the nutritional point of view. It is evident too, that muscles from all the examined flocks have been characterized by a high nutritional value. Taking into consideration the functional properties, it was concluded that the muscles from the investigated flocks varied in colour and analysed traits. The ducks of K2 had the best functional properties. The advantages of K2 in comparison to the other ducks are: darker colour typical of waterfowl meat, lower cooking loss, higher water holding capacity and lower shear force.

scholarly journals Hydrogel and Organic Amendments to Increase Water Retention in Anthroposols for Land Reclamation

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie S. Miller ◽  
M. Anne Naeth
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Crushed Rock ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Water Holding

Using waste materials from industrial activities to build anthroposols (soils built or altered by humans) can provide soil for reclamation and reduce amounts of materials stored in landfills. Mines and other large industrial disturbances requiring anthroposols usually have large amounts of nonorganic waste materials with low water holding capacity and large amounts of coarse fragments. Thus, water holding capacity is a key property to build into anthroposols as all aspects of revegetation are strongly influenced by soil water content. This research assessed the effectiveness of hydrogel and organic amendments to increase the water retention in common mine wastes used to build anthroposols for reclamation in three greenhouse experiments. Waste materials were crushed rock, lakebed sediment, and processed kimberlite, from a northern diamond mine in Canada. Amendments were hydrogel, sewage, salvaged soil, and peat. Pots were filled with the material and weighed and saturated, followed by periodic weighing until the weight was near constant. Water retention was consistently highest in processed kimberlite, with and without amendments. Water retention increased most with hydrogel in processed kimberlite and crushed rock. Hydrogel application method impacted the initial water retention, but over time, the effect was limited. Water retention in lakebed sediment showed little difference relative to no amendment addition and had lowest increases relative to other substrates. Type of waste material and amendment, application rate, and application method impacted water retention and can be adapted to build anthroposols in the field using waste materials suitable for reclamation.

PEAK FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR SPRINKLER IRRIGATION OF ORCHARDS AS AFFECTED BY SOIL TEXTURE AND PEAK EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
J. C. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Steady Flow ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Water Holding

A scheduling procedure was used in 17 orchards, from 1962 to 1965 inclusive, to determine the peak flow of irrigation water required per unit area of land. Irrigation was by the sprinkler method, with portable pipe settings of 12 hours. Peak flow was determined on a steady-flow basis during periods of peak evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration (ET) was determined by use of evaporimeters. The texture and the water-holding capacity of the soil were also determined. Highly significant coefficients of correlation were obtained between the peak flow required and each of percent sand, average ET per day during the period of peak ET, depth of water applied at each irrigation, length of irrigation interval and various other factors. High correlation coefficients were also obtained among the factors studied. Regression of percent sand and peak ET on peak flow accounted for 90.6% of the variations in peak flow; regression of depth per application and length of irrigation interval accounted for 84.1%. It is suggested that peak flow was affected directly by the depth of water applied at each irrigation and by the length of the "safe" irrigation interval, and indirectly by other factors.

scholarly journals Differentiation of eiincorns by water retention capacity

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
Hao Fu ◽  
V.S. Lyutenko ◽  
V.V. Zhmurko ◽  
R. L. Bohuslavskyi
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Einkorn Wheat ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Method Of Principal Components ◽  
Triticum Boeoticum ◽  
Water Holding

Aim. On the basis of multivariate analysis, to differentiate einkorn wheat accessions by the water-holding capacity of leaves and ears and the parameters of these organs at the level of species and genotypes. Methods. The water-holding capacity was assessed by the moisture-yielding coefficient which was determined by the method of N.N. Kozhushko (Kozhushko, 1988). Differentiation of einkorn samples was carried out by the method of principal components in the interpretation of A.V. Korosov (Korosov, 1996). Results. Triticum monococcum UA0300113, Syria, and UA0300282, Hungary were characterized by the lowest specific moisture-yielding coefficients: for the second and flag leaves, respectively, (mg / cm2) 10.9, 7.0 and 11.4, 10.7; ears – the same samples as well as Triticum boeoticum UA0300401, Ukraine-Crimea: (mg / cm) 29.6, 28.2, 25.4. With an increase in the size of the lamina, there is a tendency to a decrease in its specific moisture yield. The samples of eincorn are differentiated into 4 clusters corresponding to the species. Conclusions. T. monococcum UA0300113, Syria, and UA0300282, Hungary are relatively drought tolerant. The complex of features characterizing leaf and spike size in combination with the moisture-yielding coefficients processed by the method of principal components makes it possible to differentiate einkorn oaccessions by species and genotype. Keywords: einkorns, moisture yield, drought resistance, leaf, ear.

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