FIXED AMMONIUM IN SOME SASKATCHEWAN SOILS

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Hinman
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Arable Soil ◽  
Virgin Soil ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Ammonium N ◽  
Nitrogenous Substances

Nitrogen, as fixed ammonium, occurred in the five profiles of arable soil of different texture which were examined. The amounts observed increased with increasing soil depth in four of the profiles. Total amounts found in the 4-ft profiles varied from 2600 to 4600 lb per acre and ranged from 7% of the total nitrogen in the surface soil to as much as 58% in the soil at the 4-ft depth.When the fixed ammonium nitrogen was subtracted from the total nitrogen the C:N ratios of these soils increased very sharply with depth, indicating that the subsoil organic matter was less rich in nitrogenous substances than was that of the surface soil.The clay fractions of the profiles were mineralogically similar and contained essentially the same amounts of fixed ammonium, approximately 2.4 meq ammonium per 100 g of clay. The silt fractions contained approximately 1.8 meq fixed ammonium per 100 g of silt. These fractions accounted for nearly all the fixed ammonium nitrogen observed except in the coarser-textured soils.Fixed ammonium and total nitrogen analysis of 25 paired samples of cultivated and virgin soil indicated that although the average total nitrogen had been reduced by one-third, there had been little or no effect on the amount of fixed ammonium N in the surface soil.

The Impact of Fire on Tasmanian Alpine Vegetation and Soils

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Kirkpatrick ◽  
KJM Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Herbaceous Species ◽  
Alpine Vegetation ◽  
Deciduous Shrubs ◽  
The Impact

Observations were made across 11-40-year-old fire boundaries in Tasmanian alpine areas of varying macroenvironment and flora. Organic matter and total nitrogen in the surface soil were significantly less where the vegetation had been recently burned. There were no significant differences between recently burned and recently unburned plots in contents of phosphorus, potassium, calcium or sodium or in pH. The burned plots contained few or no gymnosperms or deciduous shrubs, the most frequent dominants of the unburned vegetation. Most other shrubs were markedly less important in the burned than in the unburned plots, although most species of bolster form were little affected by fire, and some composite shrubs were most abundant on the burned plots. Most herbaceous species had equal or greater cover on the burned plots than on the unburned plots. The burned vegetation of the eastern mountains appeared to regenerate more quickly than that of the more oligotrophic western mountains.

Changes in chemical fractions of nitrogen during incubation of soils with histories of large organic matter increase under pasture

Soil Research ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Moore ◽  
JS Russell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Chemical Fractions ◽  
Labelled Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Fractions

A lateritic podzolic soil and a solodized solonetz soil, with histories of organic matter increase under tropical and temperate pastures respectively, were incubated over a period of a year with a weekly wetting and drying cycle. Decreases in organic matter (7 and 11%), total nitrogen (12 and 10%), and non-distillable acid-soluble nitrogen (30 and 25%) occurred, but there were no significant changes in residual nitrogen. Although there were marked increases in mineral nitrogen at the beginning of the incubation in both soils, nitrification was relatively poor in both soils. In a short-term (4 weeks) incubation of a lateritic podzolic soil and a grey clay soil the addition of labelled nitrogen followed by fractionation allowed nitrogen transformations to be examined precisely. Although differences in total nitrogen (labelled + unlabelled) with time were not statistically significant (P = 0.05) in the sandy soil (lateritic podzolic) a loss (28%) of total labelled nitrogen did occur. Parallel with this was an increasing incorporation of labelled nitrogen in all three organic fractions and a disappearance of ammonium nitrogen without the appearance of an equivalent amount of nitrate nitrogen. On the other hand, in the clay soil there was no loss of total labelled nitrogen with time and little incorporation of labelled nitrogen in the organic fractions after the first week. There was little change in the pool of labelled mineral nitrogen between the first and fourth weeks, but virtually complete and quantitative conversion from ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen. Some of the results point to varying biological lability of chemical fractions of soil nitrogen. These fractions are unlikely to be of much use as indices for sensitive measurement of nitrogen changes in the field, however, possibly because of the continuing accretion and losses which occur in the field.

Nitrate-N, ammonium-N, and organic matter in relation to profile characteristics of Dark Brown Chernozemic soils

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Beke ◽  
D. P. Graham ◽  
T. Entz
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Ammonium N ◽  
Control Section

Thirty-six deep soil profiles (3.3 m) from a 32-ha irrigated field in southern Alberta were evaluated to determine the relationship between pedogenic development and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N), and organic matter (OM) content and distribution. The soils were classified into three fine-loamy Dark Brown subgroups. Three classes of solum thickness and slope position were identified. The NO3-N, NH4-N, and OM content in the 3.3-m profile, and below the solum, the control section, and the 1.2-m rooting depth were compared and correlation analyses were conducted between these properties and properties of the saturation extract.The OM content decreased exponentially with increase in profile depth, but the NO3-N and, to some extent, the NH4-N contents varied according to solum thickness regardless of subgroup classification. On average, soils with a thin (< 35 cm) or thick (> 75 cm) solum had a zone of high NO3-N concentration between the 100- and 150-cm depths. This was ascribed to less favorable soil moisture conditions for crop growth on the thin-solum soils and probably more frequent leaching events in the thick-solum soils. Distinctly different correlation coefficients between NO3-N, NH4-N, and OM and the saturation extract properties of the control section supported the series designations of the solum-thickness separations. Solum thickness and topographic position should be considered when applying nitrogen fertilizers or irrigations. Key words: Semiarid region, intermittent irrigation, Chernozemic soils, nitrate-N, ammonium-N, organic matter

Mats of unincorporated organic matter under irrigated pastures

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Kleinig
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Total Nitrogen Content ◽  
Soil Types

A mat of partially decomposed organic matter which forms on the surface of solls carrying irrigated pastures is described. It was found under both annual and perennial irrigated pastures on soil types ranging from sandy loams and loams (red-brown earths) to heavy clays (grey and brown soils of heavy texture). Mat weights ranged from 8 000 to 92 000 lb/acre, and the amounts of nitrogen held in them from 85 to 1 240 lb/acre, for 8- to 15-year-old pastures. Age of pasture was not significantly correlated with either mat weight or mat nitrogen content, but it was significantly correlated with the total nitrogen content of the mat and surface soil. The distribution of accumulated nitrogen between the mat and surface soil varied considerably under annual pastures on heavy-textured soils. Carbon/nitrogen ratios indicate considerable decomposition of the organic matter In the mat, and up to 0.60 in, of water available to the pasture was retained in this layer after irrigation. The significance of the mat under irrigated pastures is discussed in terms of water and nitrogen relationships.

Influence of elevated soil temperature and biochar application on organic matter associated with aggregate-size and density fractions in an arable soil

2017 ◽  
Vol 241 ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Grunwald ◽  
Michael Kaiser ◽  
Simone Junker ◽  
Sven Marhan ◽  
Hans-Peter Piepho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Arable Soil ◽  
Density Fractions

scholarly journals The Soil Organic Matter in Connection with Soil Properties and Soil Inputs

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 779
Author(s):  
Václav Voltr ◽  
Ladislav Menšík ◽  
Lukáš Hlisnikovský ◽  
Martin Hruška ◽  
Eduard Pokorný ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Linear Regression Models

The content of organic matter in the soil, its labile (hot water extractable carbon–HWEC) and stable (soil organic carbon–SOC) form is a fundamental factor affecting soil productivity and health. The current research in soil organic matter (SOM) is focused on individual fragmented approaches and comprehensive evaluation of HWEC and SOC changes. The present state of the soil together with soil’s management practices are usually monitoring today but there has not been any common model for both that has been published. Our approach should help to assess the changes in HWEC and SOC content depending on the physico-chemical properties and soil´s management practices (e.g., digestate application, livestock and mineral fertilisers, post-harvest residues, etc.). The one- and multidimensional linear regressions were used. Data were obtained from the various soil´s climatic conditions (68 localities) of the Czech Republic. The Czech farms in operating conditions were observed during the period 2008–2018. The obtained results of ll monitored experimental sites showed increasing in the SOC content, while the HWEC content has decreased. Furthermore, a decline in pH and soil´s saturation was documented by regression modelling. Mainly digestate application was responsible for this negative consequence across all soils in studied climatic regions. The multivariate linear regression models (MLR) also showed that HWEC content is significantly affected by natural soil fertility (soil type), phosphorus content (−30%), digestate application (+29%), saturation of the soil sorption complex (SEBCT, 21%) and the dose of total nitrogen (N) applied into the soil (−20%). Here we report that the labile forms (HWEC) are affected by the application of digestate (15%), the soil saturation (37%), the application of mineral potassium (−7%), soil pH (−14%) and the overall condition of the soil (−27%). The stable components (SOM) are affected by the content of HWEC (17%), soil texture 0.01–0.001mm (10%), and input of organic matter and nutrients from animal production (10%). Results also showed that the mineral fertilization has a negative effect (−14%), together with the soil depth (−11%), and the soil texture 0.25–2 mm (−21%) on SOM. Using modern statistical procedures (MRLs) it was confirmed that SOM plays an important role in maintaining resp. improving soil physical, biochemical and biological properties, which is particularly important to ensure the productivity of agroecosystems (soil quality and health) and to future food security.

scholarly journals Effect of Sewage Sludge Compost Usage on Corn and Faba Bean Growth, Carbon and Nitrogen Forms in Plants and Soil

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 628
Author(s):  
Hassan E. Abd Elsalam ◽  
Mohamed E. El- Sharnouby ◽  
Abdallah E. Mohamed ◽  
Bassem M. Raafat ◽  
Eman H. El-Gamal
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Nitrogen Forms ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Nitrogen Levels

Sewage sludge is an effective fertilizer in many soil types. When applied as an amendment, sludge introduces, in addition to organic matter, plant nutrients into the soil. When applied for cropland as a fertilizer, the mass loading of sewage sludge is customarily determined by inputs of N and/or P required to support optimal plant growth and a successful harvest. This study aims to examine the changes in organic matter contents and nitrogen forms in sludge-amended soils, as well as the growth of corn and faba bean plants. The main results indicated that there were higher responses to the corn and faba bean yields when sludge was added. Levels of organic carbon in soil were higher after maize harvest and decreased significantly after harvesting of beans, and were higher in sludge amended soils than unmodified soils, indicating the residual effect of sludge in soil. NO3−-N concentrations were generally higher in the soil after maize harvest than during the plant growth period, but this trend was not apparent in bean soil. The amounts of NH4+-N were close in the soil during the growth period or after the maize harvest, while they were higher in the soil after the bean harvest than they were during the growth period. Total nitrogen amounts were statistically higher in the soil during the growth period than those collected after the corn harvest, while they were approximately close in the bean soil. The total nitrogen amount in corn and bean leaves increased significantly in plants grown on modified sludge soil. There were no significant differences in the total nitrogen levels of the maize and beans planted on the treated soil.

Soil stripping and replacement for the rehabilitation of bauxite-mined land at Weipa. I. Initial changes to soil organic matter and related parameters

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Schwenke ◽  
D. R. Mulligan ◽  
L. C. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Double Pass ◽  
Organic C ◽  
The Difference

At Weipa, in Queensland, Australia, sown tree and shrub species sometimes fail to establish on bauxite-mined land, possibly because surface-soil organic matter declines during soil stripping and replacement. We devised 2 field experiments to investigate the links between soil rehabilitation operations, organic matter decline, and revegetation failure. Experiment 1 compared two routinely practiced operations, dual-strip (DS) and stockpile soil, with double-pass (DP), an alternative method, and subsoil only, an occasional result of the DS operation. Other treatments included variations in stripping-time, ripping-time, fertiliser rate, and cultivation. Dilution of topsoil with subsoil, low-grade bauxite, and ironstone accounted for the 46% decline of surface-soil (0–10 cm) organic C in DS compared with pre-strip soil. In contrast, organic C in the surface-soil (0–10 cm) of DP plots (25.0 t/ha) closely resembled the pre-strip area (28.6 t/ha). However, profile (0–60 cm) organic C did not differ between DS (91.5 t/ha), DP (107 t/ha), and pre-strip soil (89.9 t/ha). Eighteen months after plots were sown with native vegetation, surface-soil (0–10 cm) organic C had declined by an average of 9% across all plots. In Experiment 2, we measured the potential for post-rehabilitation decline of organic matter in hand-stripped and replaced soil columns that simulated the DS operation. Soils were incubated in situ without organic inputs. After 1 year’s incubation, organic C had declined by up to 26% and microbial biomass C by up to 61%. The difference in organic C decline between vegetated replaced soils (Expt 1) and bare replaced soils (Expt 2) showed that organic inputs affect levels of organic matter more than soil disturbance. Where topsoil was replaced at the top of the profile (DP) and not ploughed, inputs from volunteer native grasses balanced oxidation losses and organic C levels did not decline.

Field mobility of flumetsulam in three Mississippi soils

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen P. Murphy ◽  
David R. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Constant Ph ◽  
Field Mobility

Research was conducted in 1994 and 1995 to evaluate the field mobility of flumetsulam in three soils of varied texture and organic matter content but constant pH (pH = 6.0 ± 0.1). Flumetsulam was monitored to a depth of 122 cm at 28, 56, and 84 days after treatment (DAT). Flumetsulam concentrations were determined by cotton bioassay, with separate standard curves for various soil–depth combinations. Following a preemergence application of flumetsulam at 224 g ai ha−1, the herbicide was primarily limited to the upper 8 cm of soil, regardless of soil type, year, or DAT. Exceptions to this typically occurred following substantial rainfall amounts early in the season. Beyond 28 DAT, no significant concentrations of flumetsulam were detected below 15 cm. Results from this research suggest that leaching is not a significant route of flumetsulam dissipation in the field.

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