Changes in chemical fractions of nitrogen during incubation of soils with histories of large organic matter increase under pasture

Soil Research ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
AW Moore ◽  
JS Russell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Chemical Fractions ◽  
Labelled Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Fractions

A lateritic podzolic soil and a solodized solonetz soil, with histories of organic matter increase under tropical and temperate pastures respectively, were incubated over a period of a year with a weekly wetting and drying cycle. Decreases in organic matter (7 and 11%), total nitrogen (12 and 10%), and non-distillable acid-soluble nitrogen (30 and 25%) occurred, but there were no significant changes in residual nitrogen. Although there were marked increases in mineral nitrogen at the beginning of the incubation in both soils, nitrification was relatively poor in both soils. In a short-term (4 weeks) incubation of a lateritic podzolic soil and a grey clay soil the addition of labelled nitrogen followed by fractionation allowed nitrogen transformations to be examined precisely. Although differences in total nitrogen (labelled + unlabelled) with time were not statistically significant (P = 0.05) in the sandy soil (lateritic podzolic) a loss (28%) of total labelled nitrogen did occur. Parallel with this was an increasing incorporation of labelled nitrogen in all three organic fractions and a disappearance of ammonium nitrogen without the appearance of an equivalent amount of nitrate nitrogen. On the other hand, in the clay soil there was no loss of total labelled nitrogen with time and little incorporation of labelled nitrogen in the organic fractions after the first week. There was little change in the pool of labelled mineral nitrogen between the first and fourth weeks, but virtually complete and quantitative conversion from ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen. Some of the results point to varying biological lability of chemical fractions of soil nitrogen. These fractions are unlikely to be of much use as indices for sensitive measurement of nitrogen changes in the field, however, possibly because of the continuing accretion and losses which occur in the field.

The fate of labelled mineral nitrogen after addition to three pasture soils of different organic matter contents

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Simpson ◽  
JR Freney
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Isotopic Exchange ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Fertilizer Efficiency ◽  
Labelled Nitrogen ◽  
Isotopic Exchange Reaction ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Organic Fractions ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Ammonium and nitrate labelled with 15N were added separately to three soils representing different stages of organic matter accumulation under pasture. The fate of the labelled nitrogen was determined after 6 weeks, and again after a further 29 weeks in the presence and absence of ryegrass plants. Recoveries of the labelled nitrogen within the soil–plant system were high (90–l00%), except where nitrate was added to the high-nitrogen soil (69%). The labelled ammonium was immobilized rapidly, particularly in the low-nitrogen soil, but nitrate reacted with the soils much more slowly. Thus recovery of labelled nitrate nitrogen by the plants was generally greater than that of ammonium. However, the total mineral nitrogen (labelled and indigenous) in unplanted soils and the total plant uptake of nitrogen were not appreciably affected by the chemical form of the added nitrogen. This suggested that an isotopic exchange reaction had occurred between the labelled mineral nitrogen and indigenous organic nitrogen. The greatest increase in total nitrogen uptake by the plants after addition of nitrogen (i.e. the apparent fertilizer efficiency of the added nitrogen) occurred in the low-nitrogen soil (85% and 81% recovery for ammonium and nitrate respectively). The highest recovery of labelled nitrogen by the plants occurred where nitrate was added to the low- and intermediate-nitrogen soils (both 80%). The indigenous organic nitrogen of the three soils was distributed between four fractions in similar patterns. The labelled nitrogen was incorporated into each of these organic fractions, but there was a tendency for greater amounts to remain in the non-distillable acid-soluble fraction.

Influence of Photochemical Reactions on the Content and Transformation of Mineral Nitrogen in Sod-Podzol Soil

2018 ◽  
Vol 781 ◽  
pp. 195-199
Author(s):  
Sergey Novoselov
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Photochemical Reactions ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Light Energy ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Humus Substances ◽  
Microbiological Oxidation ◽  
Two Stages

The article discusses the photochemical effects of sunlight on the soil. Under the influence of light energy the amount of mineral and easy hydrolysable nitrogen, as well as labile humus substances increased in the soil. The photochemical destruction of humus substances was accompanied by an increase in their mobility and loss of colour. The article shows that the process of mineral nitrogen formation in the soil during the photochemical destruction of humus substances has two stages. The first stage includes photochemical reactions with the formation of ammonium nitrogen. The second stage is the microbiological oxidation of ammonium nitrogen to the nitrate nitrogen.

Runoff characteristics of nutrients in the forest streams in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Umemoto ◽  
Y. Komai ◽  
T. Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Stream Flows ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hyogo Prefecture ◽  
Forest Streams ◽  
Precipitation Events

Nutrients and other pollutant runoffs from streams in artificial forest areas in central Hyogo Prefecture in southwest Japan have been investigated to estimate pollutant loads since 1995. The orthophosphate and ammonium nitrogen contents were usually low and constant during the investigation. When the flowrates of the streams were normal, the concentrations of suspended solids, CODMn, TOC and total phosphorus were very low, and did not change much. However, when stream flows were increased by rainstorms or other precipitation, higher concentrations of these parameters occurred. Otherwise, the average concentrations of nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen were 0.26 mg/l and 0.31 mg/l, respectively, and they were often increased by precipitation events. They changed at the same time because the ratio of nitrate nitrogen per total nitrogen was high, about 80%. The fluctuation of concentrations of total phosphorus was similar to SS concentrations, which suggested that phosphorus was discharged in the types of suspended solids from forest areas. The specific loads of the nutrients and some other pollutants did not differ among the three watersheds investigated. However, the difference among them between fine days and rainy days was fairly large. It was presumed that pollutant runoff from forest areas is strongly dependent on precipitation events.

scholarly journals Influence of temperature upon the mobilization of nitrogen in peat

1953 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila ◽  
Jaakko Köylijärvi ◽  
Erkki Kivinen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Ammonia Content ◽  
Marked Accumulation ◽  
Thermophilic Organisms

The preliminary experiments the results of which are recorded in the present paper, have been carried out in order to obtain some information on the microbiological and chemical mobilization of peat nitrogen at various temperatures. In the incubation experiment at 5°, 20°, 35°, 50°, and 65CC the accumulation of ammonia nitrogen increased with a rising temperature except in the limed series where a minimum was found at 20°. The maximum of nitrate-nitrogen lay at 20 in both the series. The amount of nitrite-nitrogen was almost negligible in all the samples. The mineral nitrogen in the samples incubated at 50° and 65° represented 10—20 % of the total nitrogen. Thus, the organic nitrogen in peat soils can be mobilized to a marked extent, if the conditions are favourable. Accumulation of mineral nitrogen could be stated also at the lower temperatures where the reutilization of released nitrogen in the synthesis of new microbial substance is always more intensive than in the range of thermophilic organisms. Even at 5° a release of nitrogen was noticable. In these experiments liming did not show any beneficial effect upon the accumulation of mineral nitrogen, on the contrary, the values for total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen were lower in the limed series. The nitrate formation was generally somewhat higher in the limed samples than in the corresponding unlimed ones. It was supposed that the considerable increase in the ammonia content of the samples incubated at 50° and 65° was partly due to purely chemical transformations, since the mere heating of moist samples at 75° for two hours brought about a marked accumulation of ammonia nitrogen. The treatment with dry heat was less effective except when the temperature was raised to 200° in which case a carbonization of the peat took place. The losses of organic matter and of total nitrogen due to the heating were almost negligible at the temperatures below 150°. At 150° and at 200°, respectively, about one tenth and one third of the organic matter was burnt up, and the losses of total nitrogen corresponded to approximately one half of the decrease in dry matter. On the basis of the results reported above valid conclusions ought not to be drawn, since the material is too scarce. However, these experiments indicate that reasons for further research exist.

scholarly journals SPECIAL ASPECTS OF MIGRATION OF WATER-SOLUBLE ORGANIC SUBSTANCE AND BIOGENIC ELEMENTS IN SOD-PODZOLIC SOIL DEPENDING ON FERTILIZATION SYSTEM AND MICROBIAL PREPARATIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Potapenko L. V. ◽  
Horbachenko N. I.
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Biogenic Element ◽  
Biogenic Elements ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Fertilizer System ◽  
Fertilization System

Objective. To study special aspects of vertical migration of products of biological transformation of organic matter and biogenic elements in sod-podzolic soil under different modes of root nutrition of plants. Methods. Lysimetric experiment, agrochemical, mathematical and statistical. Results. Based on studies conducted in a long-term lysimetric experiment on sod-podzolic soil, periodically washed type of water regime was established, as a result of which 37 mm of moisture, 23 kg/ha of water-soluble humic substances, nitrogen (NO3–) 55 kg/ha, calcium oxide 91 kg/ha and magnesium oxide 26 kg/ha magnesium oxide is lost at the background without inoculation per crop rotation when using mineral fertilization system. The use of microbial preparations reduces the loss of these elements to 33 mm, 20 kg/ha, 52 kg/ha, 83 kg/ha and 25 kg/ha, respectively. It was established that the average infiltration of moisture from the layer 0–155 cm under crops of continuous sowing was 25–37 mm at the background without the use of microbial preparations and 22–33 mm at the background of inoculation. The mineral fertilizer system increased the losses of the soil solution by 9 mm and 7 mm versus the control variants, respective to the backgrounds. The lowest losses of productive moisture were reported in the variants where sidereal fertilizers were used. When replacing the mineral fertilization system with sidereal-mineral and organo-mineral fertilizers without compromising the yield of crop rotations, it is possible to reduce the loss of productive moisture by 1.5 times, reduce the loss of labile soil organic matter by 1.7–1.8 times, nitrate nitrogen by 8–10 %, calcium by 18–24 % and magnesium by 40–50 %. Due to the use of biopreparations, there is a reduction in losses of nitrate nitrogen by 5–18 %, magnesium — by 5–14 %, calcium — by 6–16 %. Conclusion. To reduce non-productive losses of moisture, water-soluble organic matter and biogenic element compounds, it is advisable to use green mass of green manures and microbial preparations at the background of the mineral system and fertilizer system NPK+manure. The use of microbial preparations helps to reduce the loss of nitrate nitrogen by 5–18 %, magnesium — by 5–14 %, calcium — by 6–16 %.

scholarly journals Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and soil properties

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
MB Hossain ◽  
KS Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Cadmium And Lead

A Greenhouse experiment was conducted to identify the suitable dose of organic fertilizer for lettuce production. Different doses of organic fertilizer (6.5, 13 and 26 t ha-1) and the recommended dose of chemical fertilizer (RDCF) as standard were selected for this experiment. Application of 13 t ha-1 organic fertilizer significantly increased leaf size (length and breadth) of lettuce. This treatment also increased 14, 25, 21, 32, 24, 27, 36 and 168% fresh weight, dry weight, N, P, K, Ca, Mg & Na uptake over RDCF, respectively. Organic matter content was increased of 17.79, 43.82 and 89.89% in 6.5, 13 and 26 t ha-1 organic fertilizer treated plots respectively over recommended dose of chemical fertilizers. Data also indicated that organic fertilizer @ 26 t ha-1 resulted in significant increase in pH, total nitrogen (24%), organic matter (90%) and Zn (29%) compared to RDCF and decreased electrical conductivity, mineral nitrogen (NH4 +-N & NO3 --N) and cadmium and lead (Cd & Pb) in soil. Positive and significant correlation was observed on yield and yield attributes of lettuce and soil nitrogen, organic matter with pH, total nitrogen with mineral nitrogen and negative correlation was found with applied organic fertilizer with cadmium and lead. Based on these results, organic fertilizer @ 13 t ha-1 without chemical fertilizer could be recommended to increase lettuce yield as well as mitigate heavy metals in soil.SAARC J. Agri., 15(2): 93-102 (2017)

Isotopic studies on the uptake of nitrogen by pasture grasses. I. Recovery of fertilizer nitrogen from the soil : plant system using rhodes grass in pots

Soil Research ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
AE Martin ◽  
EF Henzell ◽  
PS Ross ◽  
KP Haydock
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Plant System ◽  
Labelled Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrate Fertilizer

Results are reported of the first of a series of studies on the fate of nitrogen applied to soil under pasture. Two series of pretreatments (nil and 200 lb/ac N) were imposed on Rhodes grass, Chloris gayana Kunth, grown on a light-textured soil in pots in a glasshouse. Subsequently the grass was cut 3.3 cm above the soil surface and labelled ammonium nitrate (15NH4NO3) was added in amounts up to the equivalent of 800 lb/ac N. The fate of this added nitrogen was determined at the end of the experiment by analyzing the total contents of each pot for nitrogen and for 15N. The quantity of total nitrogen found in the pots (which included both labelled and unlabelled forms), and that of labelled nitrogen, were each linearly related to the amount of ammonium nitrate added. Regression analysis showed that 93.6% of added total nitrogen, and 94.0% of added labelled nitrogen, was recovered from the soil : plant system. These recoveries did not differ significantly from one another, indicating that the loss fell equally on labelled ammonium nitrogen and some unlabelled form of nitrogen; it is possible that this loss took place from the added ammonium nitrate fertilizer. There was no evidence to indicate the stage at which this loss occurred. Nitrogen pretreatment had a marked effect on the weight of stubble and roots in the pots when the ammonium nitrate was applied, but had no effect on nitrogen loss. Errors encountered during chemical and mass spectrometric analysis of the soil and plant material are discussed.

NITRATE-SUPPLYING POWER OF EIGHT GRASSLAND SOILS OF THE KAMLOOPS, B.C., AREA AND CORRELATION WITH RANGE FORAGE PRODUCTION

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Beaton ◽  
R. A. J. Warren ◽  
W. A. Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Grassland Soils ◽  
Soil Group ◽  
Laboratory Incubation

The formation of nitrate in eight grassland soils of the Kamloops, British Columbia, area was studied using a laboratory incubation technique. All the accumulative totals of nitrate nitrogen produced by these soils were low and suggest that the amount of nitrate formed may be inadequate for optimum plant growth. The desert-like soils, although they are regarded as being members of the Brown great soil group, released the most nitrate nitrogen. The Shallow and Degrading Black soils released nitrate in intermediate amounts while the Brown and Dark Brown soils produced the smallest quantities. The correlations between the accumulative total of nitrate released during incubation with: C/N ratio, total nitrogen and organic matter, were not highly significant. Poor correlation was obtained in the comparison between the accumulative total nitrate formed and the forage produced during the period 1954–1957.

Effect of Aeration Rates on the Composting Process and Loss of Nitrogen during Composting

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Xiong Zhi-Qiang ◽  
Wang Guo-Xing ◽  
Huo Zhao-Chen ◽  
Yan Lei ◽  
Gao Ya-Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Aeration Rate ◽  
Ammonia Emissions ◽  
Ventilation Method

Composting is a controlled biological process used to stabilize and transform waste into a soil treatment. Aeration rate is one factor that controls the process of composting, as it ensures the growth of adequate aerobic microbe populations. To investigate the effect of aeration rates on the physicochemical indexes of compost and the loss of nitrogen content during composting, aerobic composting processes with different aeration rates (A: 0.2 L min-1 kg-1 TS, B: 0.05 L min-1 kg-1 TS and C: 0 L min-1 kg-1 TS) were studied. Ammonium-nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen and other factors in compost samples from different periods were measured. The results showed that aeration rate significantly affected O2 content under different conditions. The aeration rate also significantly affected water content, nitrate nitrogen, and nitrogen loss. NH3 emissions increased as aeration rates increased at high temperatures owing to nitrogen loss. These results showed that aeration rate had a significant effect on total nitrogen and ammonia emissions (p<0.05). Thus, optimization of the ventilation method could significantly increase seed germination rate. 

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